Crispr hybrid dna/rna polynucleotides and methods of use

ABSTRACT

The present disclosure provides DNA-guided CRISPR systems; polynucleotides comprising DNA, RNA and mixtures thereof for use with CRISPR systems; and methods of use involving such polynucleotides and DNA-guided CRISPR systems.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a Divisional application of U.S. application Ser.No. 16/941,130 filed Jul. 28, 2020, which is a Divisional application ofU.S. application Ser. No. 16/670,832 filed Oct. 31, 2019, which is aContinuation application of U.S. application Ser. No. 15/845,524 filedDec. 18, 2017, now U.S. Pat. No. 10,519,468, which is a Continuationapplication of U.S. application Ser. No. 15/679,555 filed Aug. 17, 2017,now U.S. Pat. No. 9,868,962, which is a Continuation application of U.S.application Ser. No. 15/493,744 filed Apr. 21, 2017, now U.S. Pat. No.9,771,601, which is a Continuation application of U.S. application Ser.No. 15/008,054 filed Jan. 27, 2016, now U.S. Pat. No. 9,650,617, whichclaims benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No.62/108,931, filed Jan. 28, 2015, and of U.S. Provisional PatentApplication Ser. No. 62/251,548, filed Nov. 5, 2015, all of which areherein incorporated by reference.

INCORPORATION BY REFERENCE OF SEQUENCE LISTING PROVIDED AS A TEXT FILE

The instant application contains a Sequence Listing which has beensubmitted electronically in ASCII format and is hereby incorporated byreference in its entirety. Said ASCII copy, created on Jan. 26, 2016, isnamed 0198470101PTUS_SL.txt and is 76,524 bytes in size.

BACKGROUND

Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats (CRISPR) andCRISPR-associated (Cas) systems are prokaryotic immune system firstdiscovered by Ishino in E. coli. Ishino et al. 1987 (Journal ofBacteriology 169 (12): 5429-5433(1987)). This immune system providesimmunity against viruses and plasmids by targeting the nucleic acids ofthe viruses and plasmids in a sequence-specific manner.

There are two main stages involved in this immune system, the first isacquisition and the second is interference. The first stage involvescutting the genome of invading viruses and plasmids and integratingsegments of this into the CRISPR locus of the organism. The segmentsthat are integrated into the genome are known as protospacers and helpin protecting the organism from subsequent attack by the same virus orplasmid. The second stage involves attacking an invading virus orplasmid. This stage relies upon the protospacers being transcribed toRNA, this RNA, following some processing, then hybridizing with acomplementary sequence in the DNA of an invading virus or plasmid whilealso associating with a protein, or protein complex that effectivelycleaves the DNA.

There are several different CRISPR/Cas systems and the nomenclature andclassification of these has changed as the systems are furthercharacterized. In Type II systems there are two strands of RNA, a CRISPRRNA (crRNA) and a transactivating CRISPR RNA (tracrRNA) that are part ofthe CRISPR/Cas system. The tracrRNA hybridizes to a complementary regionof pre-crRNA causing maturation of the pre-crRNA to crRNA. The duplexformed by the tracrRNA and crRNA is recognized by, and associates with aprotein, Cas9, which is directed to a target nucleic acid by a sequenceof the crRNA that is complementary to, and hybridizes with, a sequencein the target nucleic acid. It has been demonstrated that these minimalcomponents of the RNA-based immune system could be reprogrammed totarget DNA in a site-specific manner by using a single protein and twoRNA guide sequences or a single RNA molecule. The CRISPR/Cas system issuperior to other methods of genome editing involving endonucleases,meganucleases, zinc finger nucleases, and transcription activator-likeeffector nucleases (TALENs), which may require de novo proteinengineering for every new target locus.

Being a RNA-guided system, CRISPR/Cas systems can be prone to issueswith RNA-DNA hybrid structures, such as RNase A degradation of the RNAstrand and higher possibility of RNA-DNA mismatches. Furthermore,synthesis of DNA oligonucleotides is more economical and robust thansynthesis of RNA oligonucleotides. DNA-guided CRISPR systems may alsorecruit additional machinery to a specific target, compared to naturallyoccurring RNA-guided CRISPR systems. A need exists for an improvedsystem that overcomes the problems associated with RNA based CRISPR/Cassystems, provides access to the decreased cost and increased robustnessof DNA synthesis, and improves the specificity of the CRISPR/Cas system.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

In some embodiments, the disclosure provides a single polynucleotide foruse with a Class 2 CRISPR system comprising: a targeting regioncomprising deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA); and an activating regioncomprising ribonucleic acid (RNA). In some embodiments the targetingregion comprises a mixture of DNA and RNA; and the activating regioncomprises DNA, RNA or a mixture of DNA and RNA.

In some embodiments, the disclosure provides a single polynucleotide foruse with a Class 2 CRISPR system comprising: a targeting regioncomprising deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA); and an activating regioncomprising a polynucleotide region adjacent to said targeting regioncomprising a ribonucleic acid (RNA). In some embodiments the targetingregion comprises a mixture of DNA and RNA; and the activating regioncomprises DNA, RNA or a mixture of DNA and RNA. In some embodiments theactivating region is downstream of the targeting region. In someembodiments, the activating region is upstream of the targeting region.In some embodiments, the activating region comprises a structureselected from the group consisting of a lower stem, a bulge, an upperstem, a nexus, and a hairpin. In some embodiments, the activating regioncomprises a stem loop structure. In some embodiments, the activatingregion interacts with a Cas9 protein. In some embodiments, theactivating region interacts with a Cpf1 protein.

In some embodiments, the disclosure provides a Class 2 CRISPR systemcomprising: a single polynucleotide comprising a targeting regioncomprising deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and configured to hybridize witha target sequence in a nucleic acid; an activating region adjacent tosaid targeting region comprising a ribonucleic acid (RNA); and asite-directed polypeptide. In some embodiments the nucleic acid is DNA,in some embodiments the nucleic acid is RNA, in some embodiments thenucleic acid is a mixture of RNA and DNA. In some embodiments, theactivating region is downstream of the targeting region. In someembodiments, the activating region is upstream of the targeting region.In some embodiments, the site-directed polypeptide is a Cas9 protein. Insome embodiments, the site-directed polypeptide is a Cpf1 protein. Insome embodiments, the activating region comprises a structure selectedfrom the group consisting of a lower stem, a bulge, an upper stem, anexus, and a hairpin. In some embodiments, the activating regioncomprises a stem loop structure. In some embodiments, the activatingregion interacts with the site-directed polypeptide. In some embodimentsthe activating region comprises a mixture of DNA and RNA. In someembodiments, the targeting region comprises a mixture of DNA and RNA. Insome embodiments, the Class 2 CRISPR system further comprises a donorpolynucleotide.

In some embodiments, the disclosure provides a Class 2 CRISPR systemcomprising a first polynucleotide comprising (i) a targeting regioncomprising deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and configured to hybridize witha target sequence in a nucleic acid and (ii) an activating regionadjacent to said targeting region comprising ribonucleic acid (RNA); asecond polynucleotide comprising a sequence that is complementary to asequence in said activating region of said first polynucleotide; and asite-directed polypeptide. In some embodiments, the activating regionand the second polynucleotide hybridize to form one or more structuresselected from the group consisting of a lower stem, a bulge, an upperstem, a nexus, and a duplex. In some embodiments, the site-directedpolypeptide is a Cas9 protein. In some embodiments, the site-directedpolypeptide is a Cpf1 protein. In some embodiments, the site-directedpolypeptide interacts with the activating region. In some embodiments,the activating region comprises a mixture of DNA and RNA. In someembodiments, the second polynucleotide comprises RNA, DNA or a mixtureof DNA and RNA.

In some embodiments, the disclosure provides two polynucleotides for usewith a Class 2 CRISPR system comprising a first polynucleotidecomprising (i) a targeting region comprising deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)and configured to hybridize with a target sequence in a nucleic acid and(ii) an activating region adjacent to said targeting region comprisingribonucleic acid (RNA); and a second polynucleotide comprising asequence that is complementary to a sequence in said activating regionof said first polynucleotide. In some embodiments, the activating regionand the second polynucleotide hybridize to form one or more structuresselected from the group consisting of a lower stem, a bulge, an upperstem, a nexus, and a duplex. In some embodiments, the targeting regioncomprises a mixture of DNA and RNA, the activating region comprises amixture of DNA and RNA and the second polynucleotide comprises a mixtureof DNA and RNA.

In some embodiments, the disclosure provides a method of modifying atarget nucleic acid molecule, the method comprising: contacting a targetnucleic acid molecule having a target sequence with: a singlepolynucleotide comprising a targeting region comprising deoxyribonucleicacid (DNA) and configured to hybridize with a target sequence in anucleic acid; an activating region adjacent to said targeting regioncomprising a ribonucleic acid (RNA); and a site-directed polypeptide,wherein the single polynucleotide forms a complex with the site-directedpolypeptide and wherein said target nucleic acid molecule is cleaved ortranscription of at least one gene encoded by the target nucleic acidmolecule is modulated. In some embodiments the target nucleic acid isDNA, in some embodiments the target nucleic acid is RNA, in someembodiments the target nucleic acid is a mixture of RNA and DNA. In someembodiments, the activating region is downstream of the targetingregion. In some embodiments, the activating region is upstream of thetargeting region. In some embodiments, the site-directed polypeptide isa Cas9 protein. In some embodiments, the site-directed polypeptide is aCpf1 protein. In some embodiments, the activating region comprises astructure selected from the group consisting of a lower stem, a bulge,an upper stem, a nexus, and a hairpin. In some embodiments, theactivating region comprises a stem loop structure. In some embodiments,the activating region interacts with the site-directed polypeptide. Insome embodiments the activating region comprises a mixture of DNA andRNA. In some embodiments, the targeting region comprises a mixture ofDNA and RNA. In some embodiments, the method further includes providinga donor polynucleotide.

In some embodiments, the disclosure provides a method of modifying atarget nucleic acid molecule, the method comprising: contacting a targetnucleic acid molecule having a target sequence with: a firstpolynucleotide comprising (i) a targeting region comprisingdeoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and configured to hybridize with a targetsequence in a nucleic acid and (ii) an activating region adjacent tosaid targeting region comprising ribonucleic acid (RNA); providing asecond polynucleotide comprising a sequence that is complementary to asequence in said activating region of said first polynucleotide and asite-directed polypeptide, wherein the first and second polynucleotidesform a complex with the site-directed polypeptide and wherein saidtarget nucleic acid molecule is cleaved or transcription is modulated ofat least one gene encoded by the target nucleic acid molecule ismodulated. In some embodiments, the activating region and the secondpolynucleotide hybridize to form one or more structures selected fromthe group consisting of a lower stem, a bulge, an upper stem, a nexus,and a duplex. In some embodiments, the targeting region comprises amixture of DNA and RNA, the activating region comprises a mixture of DNAand RNA and the second polynucleotide comprises a mixture of DNA andRNA. In some embodiments, the method further includes providing a donorpolynucleotide.

In some embodiments, the disclosure provides a method for reducingoff-target modification using a Class 2 CRISPR system comprising:contacting a target nucleic acid molecule having a target sequence with:a single polynucleotide comprising a targeting region comprisingdeoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and configured to hybridize with a targetsequence in a nucleic acid; an activating region adjacent to saidtargeting region comprising a ribonucleic acid (RNA); and asite-directed polypeptide, wherein the single polynucleotide forms acomplex with the site-directed polypeptide and wherein said targetnucleic acid molecule is cleaved or edited at the target sequence morepreferentially than at other sequences in the target nucleic acid,thereby reducing off-target modification. In some embodiments the targetnucleic acid is DNA, in some embodiments the target nucleic acid is RNA,in some embodiments the target nucleic acid is a mixture of RNA and DNA.In some embodiments, the activating region is downstream of thetargeting region. In some embodiments, the activating region is upstreamof the targeting region. In some embodiments, the site-directedpolypeptide is a Cas9 protein. In some embodiments, the site-directedpolypeptide is a Cpf1 protein. In some embodiments, the activatingregion comprises a structure selected from the group consisting of alower stem, a bulge, an upper stem, a nexus, and a hairpin. In someembodiments, the activating region comprises a stem loop structure. Insome embodiments, the activating region interacts with the site-directedpolypeptide. In some embodiments the activating region comprises amixture of DNA and RNA. In some embodiments, the targeting regioncomprises a mixture of DNA and RNA. In some embodiments, said targetingregion is free of uracil. In some embodiments, the method furtherincludes providing a donor polynucleotide.

In some embodiments, the disclosure provides a method for reducingoff-target modification using a Class 2 CRISPR system comprising:contacting a target nucleic acid molecule having a target sequence with:a first polynucleotide comprising (i) a targeting region comprisingdeoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and configured to hybridize with a targetsequence in a nucleic acid and (ii) an activating region adjacent tosaid targeting region comprising ribonucleic acid (RNA); providing asecond polynucleotide comprising a sequence that is complementary to asequence in said activating region of said first polynucleotide and asite-directed polypeptide, wherein the first and second polynucleotidesform a complex with the site-directed polypeptide and wherein saidtarget nucleic acid molecule is cleaved or edited at the target sequencemore preferentially than at other sequences in the target nucleic acid,thereby reducing off-target modification. In some embodiments the targetnucleic acid is DNA, in some embodiments the target nucleic acid is RNA,in some embodiments the target nucleic acid is a mixture of RNA and DNA.In some embodiments, the activating region and the second polynucleotidehybridize to form one or more structures selected from the groupconsisting of a lower stem, a bulge, an upper stem, a nexus, and aduplex. In some embodiments, the site-directed polypeptide is a Cas9protein. In some embodiments, the site-directed polypeptide is a Cpf1protein. In some embodiments, the targeting region comprises a mixtureof DNA and RNA, the activating region comprises a mixture of DNA and RNAand the second polynucleotide comprises a mixture of DNA and RNA. Insome embodiments, said targeting region is free of uracil. In someembodiments, the method further includes providing a donorpolynucleotide.

In some embodiments, the disclosure provides a method for increasingtarget specific modification using a Class 2 CRISPR system comprising:contacting a target nucleic acid molecule having a target sequence with:a single polynucleotide comprising a targeting region comprisingdeoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and configured to hybridize with a targetsequence in a nucleic acid; an activating region adjacent to saidtargeting region comprising a ribonucleic acid (RNA); and asite-directed polypeptide, wherein the single polynucleotide forms acomplex with the site-directed polypeptide and wherein said targetnucleic acid molecule is cleaved or edited at the target sequence morepreferentially than at other sequences in the target nucleic acid,thereby increasing target specific modification. In some embodiments thetarget nucleic acid is DNA, in some embodiments the target nucleic acidis RNA, in some embodiments the target nucleic acid is a mixture of RNAand DNA. In some embodiments, the activating region is downstream of thetargeting region. In some embodiments, the activating region is upstreamof the targeting region. In some embodiments, the site-directedpolypeptide is a Cas9 protein. In some embodiments, the site-directedpolypeptide is a Cpf1 protein. In some embodiments, the activatingregion comprises a structure selected from the group consisting of alower stem, a bulge, an upper stem, a nexus, and a hairpin. In someembodiments, the activating region comprises a stem loop structure. Insome embodiments, the activating region interacts with the site-directedpolypeptide. In some embodiments the activating region comprises amixture of DNA and RNA. In some embodiments, the targeting regioncomprises a mixture of DNA and RNA. In some embodiments, the methodfurther includes providing a donor polynucleotide.

In some embodiments, the disclosure provides a method for increasingtarget specific modification using a Class 2 CRISPR system comprising:contacting a target nucleic acid molecule having a target sequence with:a first polynucleotide comprising (i) a targeting region comprisingdeoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and configured to hybridize with a targetsequence in a nucleic acid and (ii) an activating region adjacent tosaid targeting region comprising ribonucleic acid (RNA); providing asecond polynucleotide comprising a sequence that is complementary to asequence in said activating region of said first polynucleotide and asite-directed polypeptide, wherein the first and second polynucleotidesform a complex with the site-directed polypeptide and wherein saidtarget nucleic acid molecule is cleaved or edited at the target sequencemore preferentially than at other sequences in the target nucleic acid,thereby increasing target specific modification. In some embodiments thetarget nucleic acid is DNA, in some embodiments the target nucleic acidis RNA, in some embodiments the target nucleic acid is a mixture of RNAand DNA. In some embodiments, the activating region and the secondpolynucleotide hybridize to form one or more structures selected fromthe group consisting of a lower stem, a bulge, an upper stem, a nexus,and a duplex. In some embodiments, the site-directed polypeptide is aCas9 protein. In some embodiments, the site-directed polypeptide is aCpf1 protein. In some embodiments, the targeting region comprises amixture of DNA and RNA, the activating region comprises a mixture of DNAand RNA and the second polynucleotide comprises a mixture of DNA andRNA. In some embodiments, said targeting region is free of uracil. Insome embodiments, the method further includes providing a donorpolynucleotide.

In some embodiments, the disclosure provides a method of introducing adonor polynucleotide into the genome of a cell or organism using a Class2 CRISPR system comprising: contacting a target nucleic acid moleculehaving a target sequence with: a single polynucleotide comprising atargeting region comprising deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and configuredto hybridize with a target sequence in a nucleic acid; an activatingregion adjacent to said targeting region comprising a ribonucleic acid(RNA); and a site-directed polypeptide, wherein the singlepolynucleotide forms a complex with the site-directed polypeptide andwherein said target nucleic acid molecule is cleaved at, or near thetarget sequence and providing a donor polynucleotide that is introducedinto the genome of the cell or organism at the cleavage site. In someembodiments the target nucleic acid is DNA, in some embodiments thetarget nucleic acid is RNA, in some embodiments the target nucleic acidis a mixture of RNA and DNA. In some embodiments, the activating regionis downstream of the targeting region. In some embodiments, theactivating region is upstream of the targeting region. In someembodiments, the site-directed polypeptide is a Cas9 protein. In someembodiments, the site-directed polypeptide is a Cpf1 protein. In someembodiments, the activating region comprises a structure selected fromthe group consisting of a lower stem, a bulge, an upper stem, a nexus,and a hairpin. In some embodiments, the activating region comprises astem loop structure. In some embodiments, the activating regioninteracts with the site-directed polypeptide. In some embodiments theactivating region comprises a mixture of DNA and RNA. In someembodiments, the targeting region comprises a mixture of DNA and RNA. Insome embodiments the donor polynucleotide is introduced into the nucleicacid by homologous recombination. In some embodiments the donorpolynucleotide is introduced into the nucleic acid by non-homologous endjoining.

In some embodiments, the disclosure provides a method of introducing adonor polynucleotide into the genome of a cell or organism using a Class2 CRISPR system comprising: contacting a target nucleic acid moleculehaving a target sequence with: a first polynucleotide comprising (i) atargeting region comprising deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and configuredto hybridize with a target sequence in a nucleic acid and (ii) anactivating region adjacent to said targeting region comprisingribonucleic acid (RNA); providing a second polynucleotide comprising asequence that is complementary to a sequence in said activating regionof said first polynucleotide and a site-directed polypeptide, whereinthe first and second polynucleotides form a complex with thesite-directed polypeptide and wherein said target nucleic acid moleculeis cleaved at, or near the target sequence and providing a donorpolynucleotide that is introduced into the genome of the cell ororganism at the cleavage site. In some embodiments the target nucleicacid is DNA, in some embodiments the target nucleic acid is RNA, in someembodiments the target nucleic acid is a mixture of RNA and DNA. In someembodiments, the activating region and the second polynucleotidehybridize to form one or more structures selected from the groupconsisting of a lower stem, a bulge, an upper stem, a nexus, and aduplex. In some embodiments, the targeting region comprises a mixture ofDNA and RNA, the activating region comprises a mixture of DNA and RNAand the second polynucleotide comprises a mixture of DNA and RNA. Insome embodiments, the activating region interacts with the site-directedpolypeptide. In some embodiments the activating region comprises amixture of DNA and RNA. In some embodiments, the targeting regioncomprises a mixture of DNA and RNA. In some embodiments, thesite-directed polypeptide is a Cas9 protein. In some embodiments, thesite-directed polypeptide is a Cpf1 protein. In some embodiments thedonor polynucleotide is introduced into the nucleic acid by homologousrecombination. In some embodiments the donor polynucleotide isintroduced into the nucleic acid by non-homologous end joining. In someembodiments, the donor polynucleotide is introduced bymicrohomology-mediated end joining. In some embodiments, the donorpolynucleotide is introduced by single-stranded annealing.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1A shows a crD(R)NA and a tracrRNA of a Type II CRISPR system.

FIG. 1B shows two polynucleotides (a crD(R)NA and a tracrRNA or atracrD(R)NA) of the present disclosure hybridized to each other (alsoreferred to as a “dual guide” system).

FIG. 2 shows a single polynucleotide of the present disclosurecomprising a targeting region linked to an activating region (alsoreferred to as a “single guide” system or a “single guide D(R)NA” or “sgD(R)NA”).

FIG. 3 shows cleavage of a target DNA sequence with a Type II CRISPR/Cassystem using nucleic acid targeting polynucleotides of the presentdisclosure.

FIGS. 4A and B show results of in vitro biochemical assays to determinethe amount of cleavage of various target sequences by a TYPE IICRISPR/Cas system using nucleic acid targeting polynucleotides of thepresent disclosure.

FIG. 5 shows results of in vivo assays to determine the amount ofcleavage of a target sequence by a TYPE II CRISPR/Cas system usingnucleic acid targeting polynucleotides of the present disclosure.

FIG. 6 shows results of in vitro biochemical assays to determine theamount of off-target cleavage of a target sequence by a TYPE IICRISPR/Cas system using nucleic acid targeting polynucleotides of thepresent disclosure.

FIG. 7 shows results of an in vivo assay to determine the amount ofcleavage of a target sequence by a TYPE II CRISPR/Cas system usingnucleic acid targeting polynucleotides of the present disclosure.

FIG. 8 shows the results of nicking activity of a crD(R)NA or sgD(R)NAwith a Cas9-D10A protein against a plasmid target in vitro.

FIG. 9 shows a typical structure of a crRNA from a Type V CRISPR system.

FIGS. 10A-C show possible structures of a single guide D(R)NA of thepresent disclosure for use with a Type V CRISPR system.

FIGS. 11A-E show possible structures of a single guide D(R)NA of thepresent disclosure for use with a Type V CRISPR system.

FIGS. 12A-I show possible components of dual guides of the presentdisclosure comprising crRNA and/or crD(R)NA for use with a Type V CRISPRsystem.

FIGS. 13A-H show possible configurations of dual guides of the presentdisclosure comprising crRNA and/or crD(R)NA for use with a Type V CRISPRsystem.

FIGS. 14A-B show sequencing results of an in planta assay to determinethe amount of cleavage of a target sequence by a Type II CRISPR/Cassystem using nucleic acid targeting polynucleotides of the presentdisclosure.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

CRISPR/Cas systems have recently been reclassified into two classes,comprising five types and sixteen subtypes. Makarova et al. (NatureReviews Microbiology 13:1-15 (2015)). This classification is based uponidentifying all cas genes in a CRISPR/Cas locus and then determining thesignature genes in each CRISPR/Cas locus, ultimately determining thatthe CRISPR/Cas systems can be placed in either Class 1 or Class 2 basedupon the genes encoding the effector module, i.e., the proteins involvedin the interference stage.

Class 1 systems have a multi-subunit crRNA-effector complex, whereasClass 2 systems have a single protein, such as Cas 9, Cpf1, C2c1, C2c2,C2c3, or a crRNA-effector complex. Class 1 systems comprise Type I, TypeIII and Type IV systems. Class 2 systems comprise Type II and Type Vsystems.

Type I systems all have a Cas3 protein that has helicase activity andcleavage activity. Type I systems are further divided into sevensub-types (I-A to I-F and I-U). Each type I subtype has a definedcombination of signature genes and distinct features of operonorganization. For example, sub-types I-A and I-B appear to have the casgenes organized in two or more operons, whereas sub-types I-C throughI-F appear to have the cas genes encoded by a single operon. Type Isystems have a multiprotein crRNA-effector complex that is involved inthe processing and interference stages of the CRISPR/Cas immune system.This multiprotein complex is known as CRISPR-associated complex forantiviral defense (Cascade). Sub-type I-A comprises csa5 which encodes asmall subunit protein and a cas8 gene that is split into two, encodingdegraded large and small subunits and also has a split cas3 gene. Anexample of an organism with a sub-type I-A CRISPR/Cas system isArchaeoglobus fulgidus.

Sub-type I-B has a cas1-cas2-cas3-cas4-cas5-cas6-cas7-cas8 genearrangement and lacks a csa5 gene. An example of an organism withsub-type I-B is Clostridium kluyveri. Sub-type I-C does not have a cas6gene. An example of an organism with sub-type I-C is Bacillushalodurans. Sub-type I-D has a Cas10d instead of a Cas8. An example ofan organism with sub-type I-D is Cyanothece sp. Sub-type I-E does nothave a cas4. An example of an organism with sub-type I-E is Escherichiacoli. Sub-type I-F does not have a cas4 and has a cas2 fused to a cas3.An example of an organism with sub-type I-F is Yersiniapseudotuberculosis. An example of an organism with sub-type I-U isGeobacter sulfurreducens.

All type III systems possess a cas10 gene, which encodes a multidomainprotein containing a Palm domain (a variant of the RNA recognition motif(RRM)) that is homologous to the core domain of numerous nucleic acidpolymerases and cyclases and that is the largest subunit of type IIIcrRNA-effector complexes. All type III loci also encode the smallsubunit protein, one Cas5 protein and typically several Cas7 proteins.Type III can be further divided into four sub-types, III-A throughIII-D. Sub-type III-A has a csm2 gene encoding a small subunit and alsohas cas1, cas2 and cas6 genes. An example of an organism with sub-typeIII-A is Staphylococcus epidermidis. Sub-type III-B has a cmr5 geneencoding a small subunit and also typically lacks cas1, cas2 and cas6genes. An example of an organism with sub-type III-B is Pyrococcusfuriosus. Sub-type III-C has a Cas10 protein with an inactivecyclase-like domain and lacks a cas1 and cas2 gene. An example of anorganism with sub-type III-C is Methanothermobacter thermautotrophicus.Sub-type III-D has a Cas10 protein that lacks the HD domain, it lacks acas1 and cas2 gene and has a cas5-like gene known as csx10. An exampleof an organism with sub-type III-D is Roseiflexus sp.

Type IV systems encode a minimal multisubunit crRNA-effector complexcomprising a partially degraded large subunit, Csf1, Cas5, Cas7, and insome cases, a putative small subunit. Type IV systems lack cas1 and cas2genes. Type IV systems do not have sub-types, but there are two distinctvariants. One Type IV variant has a DinG family helicase, whereas asecond type IV variant lacks a DinG family helicase, but has a geneencoding a small α-helical protein. An example of an organism with aType IV system is Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans.

Type II systems have cas1, cas2 and cas9 genes. cas9 encodes amultidomain protein that combines the functions of the crRNA-effectorcomplex with target DNA cleavage. Type II systems also encode atracrRNA. Type II systems are further divided into three sub-types,sub-types II-A, II-B and II-C. Sub-type II-A contains an additionalgene, csn2. An example of an organism with a sub-type II-A system isStreptococcus thermophilus. Sub-type II-B lacks csn2, but has cas4. Anexample of an organism with a sub-type II-B system is Legionellapneumophila. Sub-type II-C is the most common Type II system found inbacteria and has only three proteins, Cas1, Cas2 and Cas9. An example ofan organism with a sub-type II-C system is Neisseria lactamica.

Type V systems have a cpf1 gene and cas1 and cas2 genes. The cpf1 geneencodes a protein, Cpf1, that has a RuvC-like nuclease domain that ishomologous to the respective domain of Cas9, but lacks the HNH nucleasedomain that is present in Cas9 proteins. Type V systems have beenidentified in several bacteria, including Parcubacteria bacteriumGWC2011_GWC2_44_17 (PbCpf1), Lachnospiraceae bacterium MC2017 (Lb3Cpf1),Butyrivibrio proteoclasticus (BpCpf1), Peregrinibacteria bacteriumGW2011_GWA_33_10 (PeCpf1), Acidaminococcus sp. BV3L6 (AsCpf1),Porphyromonas macacae (PmCpf1), Lachnospiraceae bacterium ND2006(LbCpf1), Porphyromonas crevioricanis (PcCpf1), Prevotella disiens(PdCpf1), Moraxella bovoculi 237 (MbCpf1), Smithella sp. SC_K08D17(SsCpf1), Leptospira inadai (LiCpf1), Lachnospiraceae bacterium MA2020(Lb2Cpf1), Franciscella novicida U112 (FnCpf1), Candidatus methanoplasmatermitum (CMtCpf1), and Eubacterium eligens (EeCpf1).

In Class 1 systems, the expression and interference stages involvemultisubunit CRISPR RNA (crRNA)-effector complexes. In Class 2 systems,the expression and interference stages involve a single large protein,e.g., Cas9, Cpf1, C2C1, C2C2, or C2C3.

In Class 1 systems, pre-crRNA is bound to the multisubunitcrRNA-effector complex and processed into a mature crRNA. In Type I andIII systems this involves an RNA endonuclease, e.g., Cas6. In Class 2Type II systems, pre-crRNA is bound to Cas9 and processed into a maturecrRNA in a step that involves RNase III and a tracrRNA. However, in atleast one Type II CRISPR-Cas system, that of Neisseria meningitidis,crRNAs with mature 5′ ends are directly transcribed from internalpromoters, and crRNA processing does not occur.

In Class 1 systems the crRNA is associated with the crRNA-effectorcomplex and achieves interference by combining nuclease activity withRNA-binding domains and base pair formation between the crRNA and atarget nucleic acid.

In Type I systems, the crRNA and target binding of the crRNA-effectorcomplex involves Cas7, Cas5, and Cas8 fused to a small subunit protein.The target nucleic acid cleavage of Type I systems involves the HDnuclease domain, which is either fused to the superfamily 2 helicaseCas3′ or is encoded by a separate gene, cas3″.

In Type III systems, the crRNA and target binding of the crRNA-effectorcomplex involves Cas7, Cas5, Cas10 and a small subunit protein. Thetarget nucleic acid cleavage of Type III systems involves the combinedaction of the Cas7 and Cas10 proteins, with a distinct HD nucleasedomain fused to Cas10, which is thought to cleave single-stranded DNAduring interference.

In Class 2 systems the crRNA is associated with a single protein andachieves interference by combining nuclease activity with RNA-bindingdomains and base pair formation between the crRNA and a target nucleicacid.

In Type II systems, the crRNA and target binding involves Cas9 as doesthe target nucleic acid cleavage. In Type II systems, the RuvC-likenuclease (RNase H fold) domain and the HNH (McrA-like) nuclease domainof Cas9 each cleave one of the strands of the target nucleic acid. TheCas9 cleavage activity of Type II systems also requires hybridization ofcrRNA to tracrRNA to form a duplex that facilitates the crRNA and targetbinding by the Cas9.

In Type V systems, the crRNA and target binding involves Cpf1 as doesthe target nucleic acid cleavage. In Type V systems, the RuvC-likenuclease domain of Cpf1 cleaves both strands of the target nucleic acidin a staggered configuration, producing 5′ overhangs, which is incontrast to the blunt ends generated by Cas9 cleavage. These 5′overhangs may facilitate insertion of DNA through non-homologousend-joining methods.

The Cpf1 cleavage activity of Type V systems also does not requirehybridization of crRNA to tracrRNA to form a duplex, rather the crRNA ofType V systems use a single crRNA that has a stem loop structure formingan internal duplex. Cpf1 binds the crRNA in a sequence and structurespecific manner, that recognizes the stem loop and sequences adjacent tothe stem loop, most notably, the nucleotide 5′ of the spacer sequencesthat hybridizes to the target nucleic acid. This stem loop structure istypically in the range of 15 to 19 nucleotides in length. Substitutionsthat disrupt this stem loop duplex abolish cleavage activity, whereasother substitutions that do not disrupt the stem loop duplex do notabolish cleavage activity. In Type V systems, the crRNA forms a stemloop structure at the 5′ end and the sequence at the 3′ end iscomplementary to a sequence in a target nucleic acid.

Other proteins associated with Type V crRNA and target binding andcleavage include Class 2 candidate 1 (C2c1) and Class 2 candidate 3(C2c3). C2c1 and C2c3 proteins are similar in length to Cas9 and Cpf1proteins, ranging from approximately 1,100 amino acids to approximately1,500 amino acids. C2c1 and C2c3 proteins also contain RuvC-likenuclease domains and have an architecture similar to Cpf1. C2c1 proteinsare similar to Cas9 proteins in requiring a crRNA and a tracrRNA fortarget binding and cleavage, but have an optimal cleavage temperature of50° C. C2c1 proteins target an AT-rich PAM, which similar to Cpf1, is 5′of the target sequence, see, e.g., Shmakov et al. (Molecular Cell;60(3): 385-397 (2015)).

Class 2 candidate 2 (C2c2) does not share sequence similarity to otherCRISPR effector proteins, and therefore may be in a putative Type VIsystem. C2c2 proteins have two HEPN domains and are predicted to haveRNase activity, and therefore may target and cleave mRNA. C2c2 proteinsappear similar to Cpf1 proteins in requiring crRNA for target bindingand cleavage, while not requiring tracrRNA. Also like Cpf1, the crRNAfor C2c2 proteins forms a stable hairpin, or stem loop structure, thatmay aid in association with the C2c2 protein.

As used herein, “site-directed polypeptide” refers to a single protein,or protein complex, used in a CRISPR system with the polynucleotidesdisclosed herein. A site-directed polypeptide can comprise one or morenuclease domains. A site-directed polypeptide of the disclosure cancomprise a HNH or HNH-like nuclease domain, a RuvC or RuvC-like nucleasedomain, and/or HEPN-superfamily-like nucleases. HNH or HNH-like domainscan comprise a McrA-like fold. HNH or HNH-like domains can comprise twoantiparallel β-strands and an a-helix. HNH or HNH-like domains cancomprise a metal binding site (e.g., divalent cation binding site). HNHor HNH-like domains can cleave one strand of a target nucleic acid(e.g., complementary strand of the crRNA targeted strand). Proteins thatcomprise an HNH or HNH-like domain can include endonucleases, colicins,restriction endonucleases, transposases, and DNA packaging factors.

A site-directed polypeptide can be a Cas9 protein, a Cpf1 protein, aC2c1 protein, a C2c2 protein, a C2c3 protein, Cas3, Cas 5, Cas7, Cas8,Cas10, or complexes of these, dependent upon the particular CRISPRsystem being used. In some embodiments, the site-directed polypeptidecan be a Cas9 or a Cpf1 protein. In some embodiments, a site-directedpolypeptide with reduced nuclease activity can be a nickase, i.e., itcan be modified to cleave one strand of a target nucleic acid duplex. Insome embodiments, a site-directed polypeptide can be modified to have nonuclease activity, i.e., it does not cleave any strand of a targetnucleic acid duplex, or any single strand of a target nucleic acid.Examples of site-directed polypeptides with reduced, or no nucleaseactivity can include a Cas9 with a modification to the HNH and/or RuvCnuclease domains, and a Cpf1 with a modification to the RuvC nucleasedomain. Non-limiting examples of such modifications can include D917A,E1006A and D1225A to the RuvC nuclease domain of the F. novicida Cpf1and alteration of residues D10, G12, G17, E762, H840, N854, N863, H982,H983, A984, D986, and/or A987 of the S. pyogenes Cas9, and theircorresponding amino acid residues in other Cpf1 and Cas9 proteins.

In some embodiments, a site-directed polypeptide may be modified. Suchmodifications may include the incorporation or fusion of a domain fromanother polypeptide to a site-directed polypeptide, or replacement of adomain of a site-directed polypeptide with a domain of anotherpolypeptide. For example, a modified site-directed polypeptide cancontain a first domain from a Cas9 or Cpf1 protein and a second domainfrom a protein other than Cas9 or Cpf1. The modification to include suchdomains in the modified site-directed polypeptides may confer additionalactivity on the modified site-directed polypeptides. Such activities caninclude nuclease activity, methyltransferase activity, demethylaseactivity, DNA repair activity, DNA damage activity, deaminationactivity, dismutase activity, alkylation activity, depurinationactivity, oxidation activity, pyrimidine dimer forming activity,integrase activity, transposase activity, recombinase activity,polymerase activity, ligase activity, helicase activity, photolyaseactivity, glycosylase activity, acetyltransferase activity, deacetylaseactivity, kinase activity, phosphatase activity, ubiquitin ligaseactivity, deubiquitinating activity, adenylation activity, deadenylationactivity, SUMOylating activity, deSUMOylating activity, ribosylationactivity, deribosylation activity, myristoylation activity ordemyristoylation activity) that modifies a polypeptide associated withtarget nucleic acid (e.g., a histone).

In some embodiments, a site-directed polypeptide can introducedouble-stranded breaks or single-stranded breaks in nucleic acidsequences, (e.g., genomic DNA). In certain embodiments, a nucleic acidsequence may be a target nucleic acid. Certain site-directedpolypeptides of the present disclosure can introduce blunt-end cleavagesites while certain embodiments produce cleavage sites having stickyends, i.e., 5′ or 3′ overhangs. Cpf1, for example, may introduce astaggered DNA double-stranded break with about a 4 or 5 nucleotide (nt)5′ overhang. A double-stranded break can stimulate a cell's endogenousDNA-repair pathways (e.g., homologous recombination and non-homologousend joining (NHEJ) or alternative non-homologous end-joining (A-NHEJ)).NHEJ can repair a cleaved target nucleic acid without the need for ahomologous template. This can result in deletions of the target nucleicacid. Homologous recombination (HR) can occur with a homologoustemplate. The homologous template can comprise sequences that arehomologous to sequences flanking the target nucleic acid cleavage site.After a target nucleic acid is cleaved by a site-directed polypeptidethe site of cleavage can be destroyed (e.g., the site may not beaccessible for another round of cleavage with a nucleic acid-targetingpolynucleotide and site-directed polypeptide).

In some cases, homologous recombination can insert an exogenouspolynucleotide sequence into the target nucleic acid cleavage site. Anexogenous polynucleotide sequence can be called a donor polynucleotideor a donor sequence. In some embodiments, a donor polynucleotide, aportion of a donor polynucleotide, a copy of a donor polynucleotide, ora portion of a copy of a donor polynucleotide can be inserted into atarget nucleic acid cleavage site. A donor polynucleotide can be anexogenous polynucleotide sequence. A donor polynucleotide can besingle-stranded DNA. A donor polynucleotide can be double-stranded DNA.A donor polynucleotide can be RNA. A donor polynucleotide can be aduplex of RNA and DNA. A donor polynucleotide can be a sequence thatdoes not naturally occur at a target nucleic acid cleavage site. In someembodiments, modifications of a target nucleic acid due to NHEJ and/orHR can lead to, for example, mutations, deletions, alterations,integrations, gene correction, gene replacement, gene tagging, transgeneinsertion, nucleotide deletion, gene disruption, and/or gene mutation.The process of integrating non-native nucleic acid(s) into genomic DNAcan be referred to as “genome engineering.”

A CRISPR system of the present disclosure may be referred to as a“DNA-guided CRISPR system.” A CRISPR system of the present disclosurecan be programmed to cleave a target nucleic acid using two nucleic acidtargeting polynucleotides (“dual guide”). In some embodiments a dualguide CRISPR system can include a CRISPR-D(R)NA (crD(R)NA) and atransactivating CRISPR RNA (tracrRNA), e.g., one polynucleotidecomprising both DNA and RNA and a second polynucleotide comprising RNA.In some embodiments, a dual guide system can include a crD(R)NA and atracrD(R)NA, e.g., one polynucleotide comprising both DNA and RNA and asecond polynucleotide comprising both DNA and RNA. crD(R)NA andtracrD(R)NA or tracrRNA elements can be connected by a fusion region(e.g., a linker) and synthesized as a single element (e.g., sgD(R)NA) asillustrated in FIG. 2 (“single guide”).

As used herein, the term “crD(R)NA” refers to a polynucleotidecomprising a targeting region and an activating region, wherein thetargeting region comprises DNA, or DNA and RNA, and wherein theactivating region comprises RNA, or DNA, or a mixture of DNA and RNA. Incertain embodiments, a targeting region is upstream of an activatingregion. In certain embodiments, an activating region is upstream of atargeting region. In some embodiments a tracrRNA comprises a sequencethat is complementary to a sequence in the activating region of acrD(R)NA.

As used herein, the term “tracrD(R)NA” refers to a polynucleotide havinga sequence that is complementary to a sequence in the activating regionof a crD(R)NA and wherein the polynucleotide comprises DNA or a mixtureof DNA and RNA.

As used herein, the term “targeting region” refers to a region of apolynucleotide comprising DNA, or a mixture of DNA and RNA that iscomplementary to a sequence in a target nucleic acid. In certainembodiments, a targeting region may also comprise other nucleic acids,or nucleic acid analogues, or combinations thereof. In certainembodiments, a targeting region may be comprised solely of DNA becausethis configuration may be less likely to decompose inside of a hostcell. In some embodiments this configuration may increase thespecificity of target sequence recognition and/or reduce the occurrenceof off-target binding/hybridization.

As used herein, the term “activating region” refers to a portion of apolynucleotide comprising RNA, or DNA, or a mixture of DNA and RNA thatinteracts, or is capable of associating, or binding with a site-directedpolypeptide. In certain embodiments, an activating region may alsocomprise other nucleic acids, or nucleic acid analogues, or combinationsthereof. In certain embodiments, an activating region is adjacent to atargeting region. In certain embodiments, the activating region isdownstream from the targeting region. In certain embodiments, theactivating region is upstream from the targeting region.

As used herein, the term “sgD(R)NA,” or “single guide D(R)NA” refers toa polynucleotide comprising a targeting region and an activating region,wherein the targeting region comprises DNA, RNA, or a mixture of DNA andRNA that is complementary to a sequence in a target nucleic acid,wherein the activating region comprises RNA, or DNA, or a mixture of DNAand RNA, wherein either the targeting region or the activating region orboth comprise at least one DNA nucleotide, and wherein the activatingregion has sequences that are self complementary, which hybridize toform a duplex, which may contain secondary structures. An example of asingle guide D(R)NA can be constructed from a crD(R)NA and tracrD(R)NAor tracrRNA, wherein the crD(R)NA and tracrD(R)NA, or the crD(R)NA andtracrRNA are connected by a sequence of nucleotides, which can be DNA,RNA, or a mixture of DNA and RNA.

As used herein, the term “downstream” refers to a point that is distalfrom a point of reference in a 3′ direction of a nucleotide sequence. Asused herein, the term “upstream” refers to a point that is distal from apoint of reference in a 5′ direction of a nucleotide sequence.

A polynucleotide of the present disclosure, e.g., crD(R)NA, tracrD(R)NA,or single guide D(R)NA, may also comprise a mixture of DNA and othernucleic acids, e.g., peptide nucleic acid (PNA), or other nucleic acidanalogues.

The disclosure provides for the use of any length of single guideD(R)NAs, crD(R)NAs, tracrD(R)NAs and/or tracrRNAs and combinations ofpolynucleotides as disclosed herein that support programmable cleavageand/or modification of a target nucleic acid by a site-directedpolypeptide.

FIG. 1A shows polynucleotides for use in a Type II CRISPR system. Inthis embodiment, 101 can be a crD(R)NA and 102 can be a tracrD(R)NA or atracrRNA.

FIG. 1B shows the polynucleotides of FIG. 1A hybridized to each otheralong regions of complementarity. The hybridization may generatesecondary structures such as a bulge 105, a targeting region 103, anexus 107, and hairpins 108 and 109. FIG. 1B also shows an embodimentcomprising an upper duplex region 106 and a lower duplex region 104. Anupper duplex region may comprise an upper stem. A lower duplex regionmay comprise a lower stem. In certain embodiments, the polynucleotidesthat hybridize to form region 104 may comprise a mixture of DNA and RNAon the same polynucleotide strand, e.g., 102, in a region downstream ofa targeting region 103. In certain embodiments, region 104 as shown inFIG. 1B, may comprise a mixture of DNA and RNA on the samepolynucleotide strand, e.g., 102. A nucleotide sequence immediatelydownstream of a targeting region may comprise various proportions of DNAand RNA. In certain embodiments, this apportionment may be 5%, 10%, 15%,20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%,90%, 95%, or 100% RNA and ranges there between. As described herein, anucleotide sequence downstream (e.g., a region between a targetingregion 103 and a bulge 105 as shown in FIG. 1B) of a targeting region103, may comprise a mixture of DNA and RNA as shown in SEQ ID NOs.19-26.

FIG. 2 shows an example of a single guide D(R)NA for use with a Type IICRISPR system. Referring to FIG. 2, the embodiment comprises a targetingregion 201, a lower duplex region 202, an upper duplex region 203, afusion region 204, a secondary structure (e.g., a bulge) 205, a nexus206, and hairpins 207 and 208. An upper duplex region may comprise anupper stem. A lower duplex region may comprise a lower stem. Someembodiments may comprise an activating region comprising an upper duplexregion and a lower duplex region. In some embodiments, region 202 maycomprise a mixture of DNA and RNA, which is immediately downstream of atargeting region 201. A nucleotide sequence immediately downstream of atargeting region may comprise various proportions of DNA and RNA. Incertain embodiments, this apportionment may be 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%,30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or100% RNA and ranges there between. As described herein, a nucleotideregion downstream (e.g., a region between a targeting region 201 and abulge 205 as shown in FIG. 2) of a targeting region 201 may comprise amixture of DNA and RNA as shown in SEQ ID NOs. 127-132. In someembodiments, region 203 may comprise a mixture of DNA and RNA, which isdownstream of a targeting region 201. A nucleotide sequence downstreamof a targeting region may comprise various proportions of DNA and RNA.In certain embodiments, this apportionment may be 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%,25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%,95%, or 100% RNA and ranges there between. As described herein, anucleotide region downstream of a targeting region 201 may comprise amixture of DNA and RNA as shown in SEQ ID NOs. 44-47 and 129.

In certain embodiments, an activating region may comprise at least onesecondary structure. A secondary structure may be a lower stem, an upperstem, a bulge, a nexus, a hairpin, one or more of these, andcombinations thereof. In certain embodiments, an activating regioncomprises a bulge. FIG. 1B shows secondary structures created by a dualguide system, i.e., a crD(R)NA hybridizing to a tracrD(R)NA or acrD(R)NA hybridizing to a tracrRNA, including a lower stem 104, a bulge105, an upper stem 106, a nexus 107, and a hairpin, e.g., 108. Secondarystructures may also include additional types of structures. Thepositioning of and number of secondary structures is not particularlylimited and may be altered depending upon which site-directedpolypeptide is used in a CRISPR system.

In certain embodiments, an activating region may comprise a nucleotideregion comprising a lower stem, an upper stem, and a bulge. In certainembodiments, there may only be a bulge. In certain embodiments, a bulgemay be between a lower stem and an upper stem. Certain embodiments mayomit an upper stem. The terms “upper stem” and “lower stem” may be usedherein only to reference an illustrated location of an activating regionand are not necessarily intended to limit these regions to anyparticular structure, secondary structure, or positioning. For example,FIG. 1B shows a lower stem, 104, positioned between a bulge and aspacer. In certain embodiments, the targeting region may comprise aspacer.

In some embodiments, a nucleotide sequence downstream from a targetingregion in a lower stem can have a sequence that is 5′GYYYUR, wherein Yis C or U/T and R is A or G. In some embodiments, a nucleotide sequencedownstream from a targeting region in a lower stem can have a sequencethat is 5′GUUUUUGU. In some embodiments, a nucleotide sequencedownstream from a targeting region in a lower stem can have a sequencethat is 5′GUUUUA. In some embodiments, the nucleotides in the lower stemmay be RNA or DNA or a mixture of DNA and RNA.

In certain embodiments, a secondary structure may comprise a bulge. Abulge can refer to an unpaired region of nucleotides within a duplex. Incertain embodiments, a single guide D(R)NA may comprise a bulge. Certainembodiments of polynucleotides for use in a CRISPR system may comprise asecondary structure and said secondary structure is a tetraloop. Asingle guide D(R)NA comprising a bulge may comprise a 5′ side and a 3′side of a duplex. Referring to FIG. 2, for example, a 5′ side of aduplex can refer to a region that is upstream (i.e., in the 5′direction) of 204 and a 3′ side of a duplex can refer to a region thatis downstream (i.e., in the 3′ direction) of 204. In certainembodiments, an activating region comprises a bulge. In someembodiments, a bulge can be involved in binding to, or interacting with,a site-directed polypeptide. A bulge can comprise, on one side of aduplex, an unpaired 5′-RRRZ-3′ wherein R is any purine and Z can be anucleotide that can form a wobble pair with a nucleotide on the oppositestrand, and an unpaired nucleotide region on the other side of theduplex. A bulge may comprise DNA, RNA, and mixtures thereof. A bulge maycomprise DNA, RNA, or a mixture thereof on a 5′ side of a bulge duplexand may comprise DNA, RNA, or a mixture thereof on a 3′ side of a bulge.In certain embodiments a polynucleotide for use in a CRISPR system maycomprise a targeting region and an activating region, and a targetingregion side of a bulge duplex may comprise DNA, RNA, and mixturesthereof, and an activating region side of a bulge duplex may containDNA, RNA, and mixtures thereof. For example, in one embodiment, a sideof a bulge that is closer to a 5′ end of a polynucleotide may compriseRNA and a side of a bulge that is closer to a 3′ end of a polynucleotidemay comprise RNA. In certain embodiments, a side of a bulge may comprisefewer nucleotides than another side of a bulge. In certain embodiments,a polynucleotide for use with a CRISPR system comprises a polynucleotidehaving a 5′ direction and a 3′ direction and comprises a bulge having a5′ side and a 3′ side and a 5′ side may comprise DNA and/or RNA and a 3′side may comprise RNA. In certain embodiments, a polynucleotide for usewith a CRISPR system comprises a polynucleotide having a 5′ directionand a 3′ direction and comprises a bulge having a 5′ side and a 3′ sideand a 5′ side may comprise DNA and/or RNA and a 3′ side may comprise RNAand a 3′ side may have more nucleotides than a 5′ side of said bulge. Insome embodiments, polynucleotides for use in a CRISPR system maycomprise a crD(R)NA and a tracrD(R)NA, and a crD(R)NA side of a bulgeduplex may comprise DNA, RNA, and mixtures thereof comprising twonucleotides; and a tracrD(R)NA side of a bulge duplex may contain DNA,RNA, and mixtures thereof. In some embodiments, polynucleotides for usein a CRISPR system may comprise a crD(R)NA and a tracrRNA, and acrD(R)NA side of a bulge duplex may comprise DNA, RNA, and mixturesthereof comprising two nucleotides; and the tracrRNA side of a bulgeduplex may contain more than two nucleotides.

For example, a bulge can comprise an unpaired purine (e.g., adenine) ona side of a bulge. In some embodiments, a bulge can comprise an unpaired5′-AAGZ-3′ on a side of the bulge, wherein Z can be a nucleotide thatcan form a wobble pairing with a nucleotide on another side of thebulge.

A bulge on a first side of a duplex (e.g., a side that is toward the 5′end of a polynucleotide for use in a CRISPR system) can comprise atleast 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 or more unpaired nucleotides. A bulge on a firstside of a duplex (e.g., a side that is toward the 5′ end of apolynucleotide for use in a CRISPR system) can comprise at most 1, 2, 3,4, or 5 or more unpaired nucleotides. A bulge on a first side of aduplex (e.g., a side that is toward the 5′ end of a polynucleotide foruse in a CRISPR system) can comprise 1 unpaired nucleotide.

A bulge on a second side of the duplex (e.g., a tracrRNA or atracrD(R)NA side of the duplex) can comprise at least 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6,7, 8, 9, or 10 or more unpaired nucleotides. A bulge on a second side ofa duplex (e.g., a tracrRNA or tracrD(R)NA side of the duplex) cancomprise 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10 or more unpaired nucleotides.A bulge on a second side of a duplex (e.g., a tracrRNA or tracrD(R)NAside of a duplex) can comprise 4 unpaired nucleotides.

Regions of different numbers of unpaired nucleotides on each strand of aduplex can be paired together. Certain embodiments may comprise asecondary structure comprising a bulge wherein said bulge is not forminga duplex. A bulge can comprise 5 unpaired nucleotides from a firststrand and 1 unpaired nucleotide from a second strand. A bulge cancomprise 4 unpaired nucleotides from a first strand and 1 unpairednucleotide from a second strand. A bulge can comprise 3 unpairednucleotides from a first strand and 1 unpaired nucleotide from a secondstrand. A bulge can comprise 2 unpaired nucleotides from a first strandand 1 unpaired nucleotide from a second strand. A bulge can comprise 1unpaired nucleotide from a first strand and 1 unpaired nucleotide from asecond strand. A bulge can comprise 1 unpaired nucleotide from a firststrand and 2 unpaired nucleotides from a second strand. A bulge cancomprise 1 unpaired nucleotide from a first strand and 3 unpairednucleotides from a second strand. A bulge can comprise 1 unpairednucleotide from a first strand and 4 unpaired nucleotides from a secondstrand. A bulge can comprise 1 unpaired nucleotide from a first strandand 5 unpaired nucleotides from a second strand.

In certain embodiments, an unpaired secondary structure may be formed ona crD(R)NA side of a polynucleotide. In certain embodiments, an unpairedsecondary structure may be formed on a crD(R)NA side of a polynucleotideand may further comprise an unpaired secondary structure on a tracrRNAor tracrD(R)NA side. In such an embodiment, these secondary structuresmay be bulges. In certain embodiments, the term “unpaired” whenreferring to a secondary structure, can mean that the secondarystructure is not in the form of a duplex.

In some instances a bulge can comprise at least one wobble pairing. Insome instances, a bulge can comprise at most one wobble pairing. A bulgesequence can comprise at least one purine nucleotide. A bulge sequencecan comprise at least 3 purine nucleotides. A bulge sequence cancomprise at least 5 purine nucleotides. A bulge sequence can comprise atleast one guanine nucleotide. A bulge sequence can comprise at least oneadenine nucleotide. A bulge sequence can comprise uracil. A secondarystructure may comprise DNA, RNA, and combinations thereof. In certainembodiments, a secondary structure may form a duplex structure and saidduplex structure may comprise a bulge comprising DNA and RNA.

A tracrD(R)NA sequence can have a length of from about 6 nucleotides toabout 150 nucleotides. For example, a tracrD(R)NA sequence can have alength of from about 6 nucleotides (nt) to about 50 nt, from about 6 ntto about 40 nt, from about 6 nt to about 30 nt, from about 6 nt to about25 nt, from about 6 nt to about 20 nt, from about 6 nt to about 15 nt,from about 8 nt to about 40 nt, from about 8 nt to about 30 nt, fromabout 8 nt to about 25 nt, from about 8 nt to about 20 nt or from about8 nt to about 15 nt, from about 15 nt to about 150 nt, from about 15 ntto about 130 nt, from about 15 nt to about 100 nt, from about 15 nt toabout 80 nt, from about 15 nt to about 50 nt, from about 15 nt to about40 nt, from about 15 nt to about 30 nt or from about 15 nt to about 25nt. In some embodiments, a tracrD(R)NA sequence has a length ofapproximately 14 nucleotides. In certain embodiments a tracrD(R)NA iscomprised solely of DNA. A tracrD(R)NA sequence can be at least about60% identical to a reference tracrRNA sequence (e.g., wild type tracrRNAsequence from S. pyogenes) over a stretch of at least 6, 7, or 8contiguous nucleotides. For example, a tracrD(R)NA sequence can be atleast about 60% identical, at least about 65% identical, at least about70% identical, at least about 75% identical, at least about 80%identical, at least about 85% identical, at least about 90%) identical,at least about 95% identical, at least about 98% identical, at leastabout 99% identical, or 100% identical, to a reference tracrRNA sequence(e.g., wild type tracrRNA sequence from S. pyogenes) over a stretch ofat least 6, 7, or 8 contiguous nucleotides.

A tracrD(R)NA sequence can comprise more than one duplexed region (e.g.,hairpin, hybridized region). A tracrD(R)NA sequence can comprise twoduplexed regions. A tracrD(R)NA may comprise a secondary structure. AtracrD(R)NA may contain more than one secondary structure. In certainembodiments, a tracrD(R)NA sequence may comprise a first secondarystructure and a second secondary structure and a first secondarystructure comprises more nucleotides than a second secondary structure.In certain embodiments, a tracrD(R)NA may comprise a first secondarystructure, a second secondary structure, and a third secondary structureand said first secondary structure comprises less nucleotides than saidsecond secondary structure and said second secondary structure comprisesmore nucleotides than said third secondary structure. The number ofsecondary structures and corresponding nucleotide lengths is notparticularly limited.

A tracrRNA sequence can have a length of from about 6 nucleotides toabout 150 nucleotides. For example, a tracrRNA sequence can have alength of from about 6 nt to about 50 nt, from about 6 nt to about 40nt, from about 6 nt to about 30 nt, from about 6 nt to about 25 nt, fromabout 6 nt to about 20 nt, from about 6 nt to about 15 nt, from about 8nt to about 40 nt, from about 8 nt to about 30 nt, from about 8 nt toabout 25 nt, from about 8 nt to about 20 nt or from about 8 nt to about15 nt, from about 15 nt to about 150 nt, from about 15 nt to about 130nt, from about 15 nt to about 100 nt, from about 15 nt to about 80 nt,from about 15 nt to about 50 nt, from about 15 nt to about 40 nt, fromabout 15 nt to about 30 nt or from about 15 nt to about 25 nt. In someembodiments, a tracrRNA sequence has a length of approximately 14nucleotides. A tracrRNA sequence can be at least about 60% identical toa reference tracrRNA sequence (e.g., wild type tracrRNA sequence from S.pyogenes) over a stretch of at least 6, 7, or 8 contiguous nucleotides.For example, a tracrRNA sequence can be at least about 60% identical, atleast about 65% identical, at least about 70% identical, at least about75% identical, at least about 80% identical, at least about 85%identical, at least about 90%) identical, at least about 95% identical,at least about 98% identical, at least about 99% identical, or 100%identical, to a reference tracrRNA sequence (e.g., wild type tracrRNAsequence from S. pyogenes) over a stretch of at least 6, 7, or 8contiguous nucleotides.

A tracrRNA sequence can comprise more than one duplexed region (e.g.,hairpin, hybridized region). A tracrRNA sequence can comprise twoduplexed regions. A tracrRNA may comprise a secondary structure. AtracrRNA may contain more than one secondary structure. In certainembodiments, a tracrRNA sequence may comprise a first secondarystructure and a second secondary structure and a first secondarystructure comprises more nucleotides than a second secondary structure.In certain embodiments, a tracrRNA may comprise a first secondarystructure, a second secondary structure, and a third secondary structureand said first secondary structure comprises less nucleotides than saidsecond secondary structure and said second secondary structure comprisesmore nucleotides than said third secondary structure. The number ofsecondary structures and corresponding nucleotide lengths is notparticularly limited.

Naturally occurring Type V CRISPR systems, unlike Type II CRISPRsystems, do not require a tracrRNA for crRNA maturation and cleavage ofa target nucleic acid. FIG. 9 shows a typical structure of a crRNA froma Type V CRISPR system, wherein the DNA target-binding sequence isdownstream of a stem loop structure that interacts with the Cpf1protein. Alterations of the nucleotides in the loop region do not affectCpf1 cleavage activity.

FIGS. 10A-C show possible structures of a single guide D(R)NA of thepresent disclosure for use with a Type V CRISPR system. In theseconfigurations, the solid black regions represent RNA, whereas thecheckered regions represent DNA. FIG. 10A shows a single guide D(R)NAwherein the targeting region comprises RNA, the 3′ stem comprises DNA,and the loop and 5′ stem comprise RNA. FIG. 10B shows a single guideD(R)NA wherein the targeting region comprises RNA, the 5′ stem comprisesDNA, and the loop and 3′ stem comprise RNA. FIG. 10C shows a singleguide D(R)NA wherein the targeting region and loop comprise RNA, and the5′ and 3′ stems comprise DNA. The 3′ stem and 5′ stem in FIGS. 10A-Ccollectively, or individually, may be referred to herein as the“activating region” of a polynucleotide for use with a Type V system.

FIGS. 11A-E show possible structures of a single guide D(R)NA of thepresent disclosure for use with a Type V CRISPR system. In theseconfigurations, the solid black regions represent DNA, whereas thecheckered regions represent RNA. FIG. 11A shows a single guide D(R)NAwherein the targeting region comprises DNA, the 3′ stem comprises DNA,and the loop and 5′ stem comprise RNA. FIG. 11B shows a single guideD(R)NA wherein the targeting region comprises DNA, the 5′ stem comprisesDNA, and the loop and 3′ stem comprise RNA. FIG. 11C shows a singleguide D(R)NA wherein the targeting region, the 5′ stem and 3′ stemcomprise DNA and the loop comprises RNA. FIG. 11D shows a single guideD(R)NA wherein the targeting region comprises DNA and the 5′ stem, the3′ stem, and the loop comprise DNA. FIG. 11E shows a single guide D(R)NAwherein the targeting region comprises a mixture of DNA and RNA and the5′ stem, the 3′ stem, and the loop comprise DNA. The 3′ stem and 5′ stemin FIGS. 11A-E collectively, or individually, may be referred to hereinas the “activating region” of a polynucleotide for use with a Type Vsystem.

FIGS. 12A-I show possible configurations of the crRNA and crD(R)NA ofthe present disclosure for use with a Type V CRISPR system wherein the3′ element and 5′ element are on separate polynucleotides and associatethrough hydrogen base pair interactions to form a duplex or stemstructure. FIG. 12A shows a dual guide system for use in a Type V CRISPRsystem, wherein the targeting region is linked to a 3′ element. A secondpolynucleotide is also shown in FIG. 12A as a 5′ element. The 5′ elementis configured to hybridize to the 3′ element that is linked to thetargeting region to form a duplex, or stem. In FIG. 12A the targetingregion, 3′ element, and 5′ element comprise RNA. FIG. 12B shows a 5′element that comprises RNA. FIG. 12C shows a 5′ element that comprisesDNA. FIG. 12D shows a targeting region that comprises RNA and a 3′element that comprises RNA. FIG. 12E shows a targeting region thatcomprises RNA and a 3′ element that comprises DNA. FIG. 12F shows atargeting region that comprises DNA and a 3′ element that comprises RNA.FIG. 12G shows a targeting region that comprises DNA and a 3′ elementthat comprises DNA. FIG. 12H shows a targeting region that comprises RNAand DNA and a 3′ element that comprises DNA. FIG. 12I shows a targetingregion that comprises an alternative mixture of RNA and DNA and a 3′element that comprises DNA. The 3′ element in FIGS. 12A-I may bereferred to herein as the “activating region” of a polynucleotide foruse with a Type V system.

FIGS. 13A-H show possible configurations of the crRNA and crD(R)NA ofthe present disclosure for use with a Type V CRISPR system wherein the3′ element and 5′ element are on separate polynucleotides and associatethrough hydrogen base pair interaction interactions to form a duplex orstem structure. In some embodiments of the polynucleotides shown inFIGS. 10A-13H, the regions of DNA may also comprise RNA. In someembodiments, the regions of RNA may also comprise DNA. In someembodiments, the regions of DNA may also comprise RNA and the regions ofRNA may also comprise DNA. The 3′ element in FIGS. 13A-H may be referredto herein as the “activating region” of a polynucleotide for use with aType V system. The proportions of DNA and RNA in the various regions ofthe polynucleotides shown in FIGS. 10A-13H may vary. In certainembodiments, this apportionment may be 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%,40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or 100% RNAand ranges there between. Examples of polynucleotides that can be usedwith a Type V CRISPR system are provided in SEQ ID NOs: 168-203.

An activating region of a nucleic acid-targeting polynucleotide caninteract with a region of a site-directed polypeptide. An activatingregion can interact with a plurality of regions of a site-directedpolypeptide. An activating region can interact with a plurality ofregions of a site-directed polypeptide wherein at least one of theregions interacts with a PAM of a target nucleic acid. Examples of theseregions can include amino acids 1096-1225, and 1105-1138 of Cas9 in S.pyogenes.

Nucleotides adjacent to an unpaired nucleotide can be a nucleotide thatforms a wobble base pairing interaction. Wobble base pairinginteractions can include guanine-uracil, hypoxanthine-uracil,hypoxanthine-adenine, and hypoxanthine-cytosine. Wobble base pairinginteractions may lead to reduced target and/or cleavage specificity. Atleast 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 or more nucleotides adjacent to an unpairednucleotide can form a wobble pairing. At most 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 or morenucleotides adjacent to an unpaired nucleotide can form a wobblepairing. In certain embodiments, a targeting region may comprise adeoxyribonucleotide thymine (“dT”) as a substitute to a ribonucleotideuracil. Using dT in place of U reduces wobble pairing and reducesoff-target base-pairing, thus leading to increased target specify incertain embodiments.

A target nucleic acid can be comprised of DNA, RNA, or combinationsthereof and can be a double-stranded nucleic acid or a single-strandednucleic acid. A targeting region sequence can hybridize to a targetnucleic acid that is located 5′ or 3′ of a protospacer adjacent motif(PAM), depending upon the particular site-directed polypeptide to beused. A PAM can vary depending upon the site-directed polypeptide to beused. For example, when using the Cas9 from S. pyogenes, the PAM can bea sequence in the target nucleic acid that comprises the sequence5′-NRR-3′, wherein R can be either A or G, wherein N is any nucleotide,and N is immediately 3′ of the target nucleic acid sequence targeted bythe targeting region sequence. A site-directed polypeptide may bemodified such that a PAM may be different compared to a PAM for anunmodified site-directed polypeptide. For example, when using Cas9 fromS. pyogenes, the Cas9 may be modified such that the PAM no longercomprises the sequence 5′-NRR-3′, but instead comprises the sequence5′-NNR-3′, wherein R can be either A or G, wherein N is any nucleotide,and N is immediately 3′ of the target nucleic acid sequence targeted bythe targeting region sequence. Other site-directed polypeptides mayrecognize other PAMs and one of skill in the art is able to determinethe PAM for any particular site-directed polypeptide. For example, Cpf1from Francisella novicida was identified as having a 5′-TTN-3′ PAM(Zetsche et al. (Cell; 163(3):759-71(2015))), but this was unable tosupport site specific cleavage of a target nucleic acid in vivo. Giventhe similarity in the guide sequence between Francisella novicida andother Cpf1 proteins, such as the Cpf1 from Acidaminocccus sp BV3L6,which utilize a 5′-TTTN-3′ PAM, it is more likely that the Francisellanovicida Cpf1 protein recognizes and cleaves a site on a target nucleicacid proximal to a 5′-TTTN-3′ PAM with greater specificity and activitythan a site on a target nucleic acid proximal to the the truncated5′-TTN-3′ PAM misidentified by Zetsche et al. The polynucleotides andCRISPR systems described in the present application may be used with aCpf1 protein (e.g., from Francisella novicida) directed to a site on atarget nucleic acid proximal to a 5′-TTTN-3′ PAM.

A target nucleic acid sequence can be 20 nucleotides. A target nucleicacid can be less than 20 nucleotides. A target nucleic acid can be atleast 5, 10, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 30 or morenucleotides. A target nucleotide can comprise ranges of nucleotidesbetween about 5-30, and ranges between. For example, in a sequencecomprising 5′-NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNXRR-3′, a target nucleic acid can be asequence that corresponds to the N's, wherein N is any nucleotide andwherein X is the first nucleotide of the PAM recognized by S. pyogenes.The selection of a specific PAMs is within the knowledge of those ofskill in the art based on the particular site-directed polypeptide to beused in a given instance.

The polynucleotides of the present disclosure comprising DNA and RNA onthe same strand cannot be made in vivo using expression vectors, but canbe chemically synthesized in vitro. Chemical synthesis ofpolynucleotides is well understood by one of ordinary skill in the art.Chemical synthesis of polynucleotides of the present disclosure can beconducted in solution or on a solid support. Synthesis in solution ispreferred for large quantities and for higher purity polynucleotides, asthe intermediates are purified following each step. For smallerquantities, where sequence purity is not as critical, solid phasesynthesis is the preferred method. Polynucleotides of the presentdisclosure can also be obtained from commercial sources that provideautomated chemical synthesis of polynucleotides.

Chemical synthesis of DNA may be easier, quicker and cheaper than thechemical synthesis of RNA. The generation and testing of polynucleotidescomprising DNA can be more rapid and cost effective compared withRNA-comprising sequences. Sequences containing DNA may provide theadvantage of increased specificity of targeting target nucleic acidssuch as DNA. Polynucleotides comprising DNA in specific regions asdiscussed herein may further present the advantage of reducingoff-target binding because of the reduction in propensity for wobblebase pairing associated with deoxyribonucleic acid bases compared toribonucleic acid bases (e.g., thymidine bases in DNA compared to uracilbases in RNA).

In some embodiments, the polynucleotides of the present disclosure mayalso comprise modifications that, for example, increase stability of thepolynucleotide. Such modifications may include phosphorothioates, chiralphosphorothioates, phosphorodithioates, phosphotriesters,aminoalkylphosphotriesters, methyl and other alkyl phosphonates such as3′-alkylene phosphonates, 5′-alkylene phosphonates, chiral phosphonates,phosphinates, phosphoramidates including 3′-amino phosphoramidate andamino alkylphosphoramidates, phosphorodiamidates,thionophosphoramidates, thionoalkylphosphonates,thionoalkylphosphotriesters, selenophosphates, and boranophosphateshaving normal 3′-5′ linkages, 2-5′ linked analogs, and those havinginverted polarity wherein one or more internucleotide linkages is a 3′to 3′, a 5′ to 5′ or a 2′ to 2′ linkage. Suitable nucleic acid-targetingpolynucleotides having inverted polarity can comprise a single 3′ to 3′linkage at the 3′-most internucleotide linkage (i.e. a single invertednucleoside residue in which the nucleobase is missing or has a hydroxylgroup in place thereof). Various salts (e.g., potassium chloride orsodium chloride), mixed salts, and free acid forms can also be included.

In some embodiments, the polynucleotides of the present disclosure mayalso contain other nucleic acids, or nucleic acid analogues. An exampleof a nucleic acid analogue is peptide nucleic acid (PNA).

Delivery of polynucleotides of the present disclosure to cells, invitro, or in vivo, may be achieved by a number of methods known to oneof skill in the art. These methods include lipofection, electroporation,nucleofection, microinjection, biolistics, liposomes, immunoliposomes,polycation or lipid:nucleic acid conjugates. Lipofection is well knownand described in e.g., U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,049,386, 4,946,787; and4,897,355; and lipofection reagents are sold commercially. Cationic andneutral lipids that are suitable for efficient receptor-recognitionlipofection of polynucleotides are described in InternationalPublication Nos. WO 91/17424 and WO 91/16024.

Lipid:nucleic acid complexes, including targeted liposomes such asimmunolipid complexes, and the preparation of such complexes is wellknown to one of skill in the art (see, e.g., Crystal, Science270:404-410 (1995); Blaese et al., Cancer Gene Ther. 2:291-297 (1995):Behr et al., Bioconjugate Chem. 5:382-389 (1994); Remy et al.,Bioconjugate Chem. 5:647-654 (1994); Gao et al., Gene Therapy 2:710-722(1995); Ahmad et al., Cancer Res. 52:4817-4820 (1992); U.S. Pat. Nos.4,186,183; 4,217,344; 4,235,871; 4,261,975; 4,485,054; 4,501,728;4,774,085; 4,837,028; and 4,946,787).

Electroporation can be used to deliver the polynucleotides of thepresent disclosure. Electroporation may also be used to delivercomplexes of the site-directed polypeptide and polynucleotides of thepresent disclosure. In these methods, the polynucleotides, or thecomplexes of site-directed polypeptides and polynucleotides are mixed inan electroporation buffer with the target cells to form a suspension.This suspension is then subjected to an electrical pulse at an optimizedvoltage, which creates temporary pores in the phospholipid bilayer ofthe cell membrane, permitting charged molecules like DNA and proteins tobe driven through the pores and into the cell. Reagents and equipment toperform electroporation are sold commercially.

Biolistic, or microprojectile delivery, can be used to deliver thepolynucleotides of the present disclosure. In these methods,microprojectiles, such as gold or tungsten, are coated with thepolynucleotide by precipitation with calcium chloride, spermidine orpolyethylene glycol. The microprojectile particles are accelerated athigh speed into a cell using a device such as the BIOLISTIC® PDS-1000/HeParticle Delivery System (Bio-Rad; Hercules, Calif.).

In some embodiments, the present disclosure provides for methods ofmodifying a target gene in cell. The cell can be from any organism(e.g., a bacterial cell, an archaeal cell, a cell of a single-celleukaryotic organism, a plant cell, an algal cell, a fungal cell (e.g., ayeast cell), a cell from an invertebrate animal, a cell from avertebrate animal, or a cell from a mammal, including a cell from ahuman.

In some embodiments, the present disclosure provides for methods ofmodifying a target gene in a plant. As used herein, the term “plant”refers to whole plants, plant organs, plant tissues, seeds, plant cells,seeds and progeny of the same. Plant cells include, without limitation,cells from seeds, suspension cultures, embryos, meristematic regions,callus tissue, leaves, roots, shoots, gametophytes, sporophytes, pollenand microspores. Plant parts include differentiated and undifferentiatedtissues including, but not limited to roots, stems, shoots, leaves,pollens, seeds, tumor tissue and various forms of cells and culture(e.g., single cells, protoplasts, embryos, and callus tissue).

The following examples are not intended to limit the scope of what theinventors regard as various aspects of the present invention.

Example 1 Production of Guide RNA Components

Guide RNAs (e.g., sgRNAs and tracrRNAs) were produced by in vitrotranscription (e.g., T7 Quick High Yield RNA Synthesis Kit, New EnglandBiolabs, Ipswich, Mass.) from double-stranded DNA template incorporatinga T7 promoter at the 5′ end of the DNA sequences.

The double-stranded DNA template for the RNA components was assembled byPCR using 3′ overlapping primers containing the corresponding DNAsequences to RNA components. The oligonucleotides used in the assemblyare presented in Table 1.

TABLE 1 Overlapping Primers for Generation of Guide RNA Templates Typeof Guide RNA Target for DNA-binding Sequence SEQ ID NO sgRNA-AAVS AAVS-1(adeno-associated virus SEQ ID NO: 63, 64, integration site 1 - humangenome) 65, 66, 67 tracrRNA n/a SEQ ID NO: 63, 71, 72, 73, 74

Oligonucleotide sequences (e.g., primer sequences shown in SEQ ID NOs63-122) were provided to commercial manufacturers for synthesis(Integrated DNA Technologies, Coralville, Iowa; or Eurofins,Luxembourg).

The DNA primers were present at a concentration of 2 nM each. Two outerDNA primers corresponding to the T7 promoter (forward primer: SEQ ID NO.63, Table 1), and the 3′end of the RNA sequence (reverse primers: SEQ IDNO 67 and 74, Table 1) were used at 640 nM to drive the amplificationreaction. PCR reactions were performed using Q5 Hot Start High-Fidelity2× Master Mix (New England Biolabs, Ipswich, Mass.) following themanufacturer's instructions. PCR assembly reactions were carried outusing the following thermal cycling conditions: 98° C. for 2 minutes, 35cycles of 15 seconds at 98° C., 15 seconds at 62° C., 15 seconds at 72°C., and a final extension at 72° C. for 2 min. DNA quality was evaluatedby agarose gel electrophoresis (1.5%, SYBR® Safe, Life Technologies,Grand Island, N.Y.).

Between 0.25-0.5 μg of the DNA template for the guide RNA componentswere transcribed using T7 High Yield RNA synthesis Kit (New EnglandBiolabs, Ipswich, Mass.) for ˜16 hours at 37° C. Transcription reactionswere treated with DNase I (New England Biolabs, Ipswich, Mass.) andpurified using GeneJet RNA cleanup and concentration kit (LifeTechnologies, Grand Island, N.Y.). RNA yield was quantified using theNanodrop™ 2000 system (Thermo Scientific, Wilmington, Del.). The qualityof the transcribed RNA was checked by agarose gel electrophoresis (2%,SYBR® Safe, Life Technologies, Grand Island, N.Y.). The guide RNAcomponents sequences are shown in Table 2.

TABLE 2 Guide RNA Sequences Name Sequence (RNA bases are bracketed)SEQ ID NO. AAVS1 5′ - [G][G][G][G][C][C][A][C][U][A] SEQ ID NO: 1 sgRNA[G][G][G][A][C][A][G][G][A][U] [G][U][C][U][C][A][G][A][G][C][U][A][U][G][C][[U][G][U][C][C] [U][G][G][A][A][A][C][A][G][G][A][C][A][G][C][A][U][A][G][C] [A][A][G][U][U][G][A][G][A][U][A][A][G][G][C][U][A][G][U][C] [C][G][U][U][A][U][C][A][A][C][U][U][G][A][A][A][A][A][G][U] [G][G][C][A][C][C][G][A][G][U][C][G][G][U][G][C][U][U][U][U][U] - 3′ tracrRNA5′ - [G][C][A][G][G][A][C][A][G][C] SEQ ID NO: 2[A][U][A][G][C][A][A][G][U][U] [G][A][G][A][U][A][A][G][G][C][U][A][G][U][C][C][G][U][U][A] [U][C][A][A][C][U][U][G][A][A][A][A][A][G][U][G][G][C][A][C] [C][G][A][G][U][C][G][G][U][G][C][U][U] - 3′

The method described above for production of guide RNA components can beapplied to the production of other RNA components as described herein.

Example 2 Production of Double-Stranded DNA Target Regions for Use inCas9 Cleavage Assays

Target double stranded DNA for use in an in vitro Cas cleavage assayswere produced using PCR amplification of the target region from genomicDNA.

Double-stranded DNA target regions (e.g., AAVS-1) for biochemical assayswere amplified by PCR from phenol-chloroform prepared human cell lineK562 (ATCC, Manassas, Va.) genomic DNA (gDNA). PCR reactions werecarried out with Q5 Hot Start High-Fidelity 2× Master Mix (New EnglandBiolabs, Ipswich, Mass.) following the manufacturer's instructions. 20ng/μL gDNA in a final volume of 25 μl were used to amplify the selectedtarget region under the following conditions: 98° C. for 2 minutes, 35cycles of 20 s at 98° C., 20 s at 60° C., 20 s at 72° C., and a finalextension at 72° C. for 2 min. PCR products were purified using SpinSmart™ PCR purification tubes (Denville Scientific, South Plainfield,N.J.) and quantified using Nanodrop™ 2000 UV-Vis spectrophotometer(Thermo Scientific, Wilmington, Del.).

The forward and reverse primers used for amplification of selectedtargeted sequences from gDNA were as follows. The primers, ampliconsize, and sizes of fragments generated from Cas9 mediated cleavage areshown in Table 3.

TABLE 3 Double-stranded DNA Targets Double-stranded Cleavage TargetAmplicon Size Fragment Sizes SEQ ID NO: AAVS-1 target 1 495 bp 316bp/179 bp SEQ ID NO: 75, 76 EMX1 target 1 282 bp 153 bp/129 bp SEQ IDNO: 77, 78 VEGFA target 1 276 bp 112 bp/164 bp SEQ ID NO: 79, 80 CD34target 1 282 bp 111 bp/171 bp SEQ ID NO: 81, 82 CD34 target 2 268 bp 108bp/160 bp SEQ ID NO: 83, 84 STAT5a target 1 288 bp 152 bp/136 bp SEQ IDNO: 85, 86 STAT5a target 2 242 bp 103 bp/139 bp SEQ ID NO: 87, 88 JAK1target 1 310 bp 179 bp/131 bp SEQ ID NO: 89, 90 JAK1 target 2 310 bp 178bp/132 bp SEQ ID NO: 91, 92

Other suitable double-stranded DNA target regions are obtained usingessentially the same method. For non-human target regions, genomic DNAfrom the selected organism (e.g., plant, bacteria, yeast, algae) is usedinstead of DNA derived from human cells. Furthermore, polynucleotidesources other than genomic DNA can be used (e.g., vectors and gelisolated DNA fragments).

Example 3 Cas9 Cleavage Assays

This example illustrates the use of a crD(R)NA of the present disclosurein in vitro Cas9 cleavage assays to evaluate and compare the percentcleavage of selected crD(R)NA/tracrRNA/Cas9 protein complexes relativeto selected double-stranded DNA target sequences.

The cleavage activity was determined for a collection of crD(R)NAsvariants (SEQ ID NOs: 38-62) against a double-stranded DNA target(AAVS-1; Example 2, Table 3).

Each sgRNA, crDNA or crD(R)NA was mixed with tracrRNA (if appropriate)in equimolar amounts in an annealing buffer (1.25 mM HEPES, 0.625 mMMgCl₂, 9.375 mM KCl at pH7.5), incubated for 2 minutes at 95° C.,removed from thermocycler and allowed to equilibrate to roomtemperature.

The sgRNA, crDNA/tracrRNA, and crD(R)NA/tracrRNA were added to a Cas9reaction mix. The Cas9 reaction mix comprised Cas9 protein diluted to afinal concentration of 200 μM in reaction buffer (20 mM HEPES, 100 mMKCl, 5 mM MgCl₂, 1 mM DTT, and 5% glycerol at pH 7.4). In the reactionmix, the final concentration of each crD(R)NA/tracrRNA was 500 nM ineach reaction mix. Each reaction mix was incubated at 37° C. for 10minutes. The cleavage reaction was initiated by the addition of targetDNA to a final concentration of 15 nM. Samples were mixed andcentrifuged briefly before being incubated for 15 minutes at 37° C.Cleavage reactions were terminated by the addition of Proteinase K(Denville Scientific, South Plainfield, N.J.) at a final concentrationof 0.2 μg/μL and 0.44 mg/μl RNase A Solution (SigmaAldrich, St. Louis,Mo.).

Samples were incubated for 25 minutes at 37° C. and 25 minutes at 55° C.12 μL of the total reaction were evaluated for cleavage activity byagarose gel electrophoresis (2%, SYBR® Gold, Life Technologies, GrandIsland, N.Y.). For the AAVS-1 double-stranded DNA target, the appearanceof DNA bands at ˜316 bp and ˜179 bp indicated that cleavage of thetarget DNA had occurred. Cleavage percentages were calculated using areaunder the curve values as calculated by FIJI (ImageJ; an open sourceJava image processing program) for each cleavage fragment and the targetDNA, and dividing the sum of the cleavage fragments by the sum of boththe cleavage fragments and the target DNA.

FIG. 3 presents the results of the Cas9 cleavage assay using the AAVS-1target double-stranded DNA of sgRNA, crDNA/tracrRNA, and thecrD(R)NA/tracrRNA. At the top of each panel is a lane numbercorresponding to the guide RNA component used, SEQ ID NOs correspondingto each component are shown in Table 4.

TABEL 4 AAVS-1 crD(R)NA Lane SEQ ID NO: 1 DNA Marker 2 No guide control3 SEQ ID NO: 37 4 SEQ ID NO: 38 5 SEQ ID NO: 39 6 SEQ ID NO: 40 7 SEQ IDNO: 41 8 SEQ ID NO: 42 9 DNA Marker 10 DNA Marker 11 No guide control 12SEQ ID NO: 1 13 SEQ ID NO: 43 14 SEQ ID NO: 44 15 SEQ ID NO: 45 16 SEQID NO: 46 17 SEQ ID NO: 47 18 SEQ ID NO: 48 19 SEQ ID NO: 49 20 DNAMarker 21 DNA Marker 22 No guide control 23 SEQ ID NO: 1 24 SEQ ID NO:50 25 SEQ ID NO: 51 26 SEQ ID NO: 52 27 SEQ ID NO: 53 28 SEQ ID NO: 5429 SEQ ID NO: 55 30 SEQ ID NO: 56 31 SEQ ID NO: 57 32 SEQ ID NO: 58 33SEQ ID NO: 59 34 SEQ ID NO: 60 35 SEQ ID NO: 61 36 SEQ ID NO: 62 37 DNAMarker

Cleavage percentages are shown at the bottom of each lane. For crDNA orcrD(R)NAs where no cleavage activity was observed (e.g., FIG. 3, 3; FIG.3, 5; FIG. 3, 15; FIG. 3, 33; FIG. 3, 34; FIG. 3, 35) cleavage activityis expressed as n/d (indicating that cleavage activity was notdetected).

The data presented in FIG. 3 demonstrate that the crD(R)NAs of thepresent disclosure facilitate Cas9 mediated site-specific cleavage of atarget double-stranded DNA.

Example 4 crD(R)NA Activity Against Multiple Targets

This example demonstrates the in vitro biochemical activity of crD(R)NAscomprising different spaces programmed to target specific sequences.

The sequences of the crDNA, crRNA and crD(R)NA (shown in Table 5) wereprovided to a commercial manufacturer for synthesis.

TABLE 5 crDNA, crRNA, and crD(R)NA sequences Guide Target RNA typeSequences (RNA bases are bracketed) SEQ ID NO EMX1 crDNA5′ - GAGTCCGAGC AGAAGAAGAA SEQ ID NO: 3 target 1GTCTCAGAGC TATGCTGTCC TG - 3′ VEGFA crDNA 5′ - GGGTGGGGGG AGTTTGCTCCSEQ ID NO: 4 target 1 GTCTCAGAGC TATGCTGTCC TG - 3′ CD34 crDNA5′ - GTTTGTGTTT CCATAAACTG SEQ ID NO: 5 target 1GTCTCAGAGC TATGCTGTCC TG - 3′ CD34 crDNA 5′ - TCTGTGATAA CCTCAGTTTASEQ ID NO: 6 target 2 GTCTCAGAGC TATGCTGTCC TG - 3′ STAT5a crDNA5′ - GGCCACTGTA GTCCTCCAGG SEQ ID NO: 7 target 1GTCTCAGAGC TATGCTGTCC TG - 3′ STAT5a crDNA 5′ - GTCCCCCAGC CGGTCAGCCASEQ ID NO: 8 target 2 GTCTCAGAGC TATGCTGTCC TG - 3′ JAK15′ - GGCAGCCAGC ATGATGAGAC target 1 crDNA GTCTCAGAGC TATGCTGTCC TG - 3′SEQ ID NO: 9 JAK1 5′ - GAGGAGCTCC AAGAAGACTG target 2 crDNAGTCTCAGAGC TATGCTGTCC TG - 3′ SEQ ID NO: 10 EMX1 crRNA5′ - [G][A][G][U][C][C][G][A][G][C] SEQ ID NO: 11 target 1[A][G][A][A][G][A][A][G][A][A] [G][U][C][U][C][A][G][A][G][C][U][A][U][G][C][U][G][U][C][C] [U][G] - 3′ SEQ ID NO: 12 VEGFA crRNA5′ - [G][G][G][U][G][G][G][G][G][G] target 1[A][G][U][U][U][G][C][U][C][C] [G][U][C][U][C][A][G][A][G][C][U][A][U][G][C][U][G][U][C][C] [U][G] - 3′ SEQ ID NO: 13 CD34 crRNA5′ - [G][U][U][U][G][U][G][U][U][U] target 1[C][C][A][U][A][A][A][C][U][G] [G][U][C][U][C][A][G][A][G][C][U][A][U][G][C][U][G][U][C][C] [U][G] - 3′ SEQ ID NO: 14 CD34 crRNA5′ - [U][C][U][G][U][G][A][U][A][A] target 2[C][C][U][C][A][G][U][U][U][A] [G][U][C][U][C][A][G][A][G][C][U][A][U][G][C][U][G][U][C][C] [U][G] - 3′ SEQ ID NO: 15 STAT5a crRNA5′ - [G][G][C][C][A][C][U][G][U][A] target 1[G][U][C][C][U][C][C][A][G][G] [G][U][C][U][C][A][G][A][G][C][U][A][U][G][C][U][G][U][C][C] [U][G] - 3′ SEQ ID NO: 16 STAT5a crRNA5′ - [G][U][C][C][C][C][C][A][G][C] target 2[C][G][G][U][C][A][G][C][C][A] [G][U][C][U][C][A][G][A][G][C][U][A][U][G][C][U][G][U][C][C] [U][G] - 3′ SEQ ID NO: 17 JAK1 crRNA5′ - [G][G][C][A][G][C][C][A][G][C] target 1[A][U][G][A][U][G][A][G][A][C] [G][U][C][U][C][A][G][A][G][C][U][A][U][G][C][U][G][U][C][C] [U][G] - 3′ SEQ ID NO: 18 JAK1 crRNA5′ - [G][A][G][G][A][G][C][U][C][C] target 2[A][A][G][A][A][G][A][C][U][G] [G][U][C][U][C][A][G][A][G][C][U][A][U][G][C][U][G][U][C][C] [U][G] - 3′ EMX1 crD(R)NA 5′ - GAGTCCGAGCSEQ ID NO: 19 target 1 AGAA[G][A][A][G][A][A][G][U][C][U][C][A]GAGC TATGCTGTCC TG - 3′ SEQ ID NO: 20 VEGFA crD(R)NA5′ - GGGTGGGGGG target 1 AGTT[U][G][C][U][C][C][G][U][C][U][C][A]GAGC TATGCTGTCC TG - 3′ SEQ ID NO: 21 CD34 crD(R)NA5′ - GTTTGTGTTT CCAT[A][A][A][C][U][G] target 1[G][U][C][U][C][A]GAGC TATGCTGTCC TG - 3′ CD34 crD(R)NA 5′ - TCTGTGATAASEQ ID NO: 22 target 2 CCTC[A][G][U][U][U][A][G][U][C][U][C][A]GAGC TATGCTGTCC TG - 3′ STAT5a crD(R)NA5′ - GGCCACTGTA SEQ ID NO: 23 target 1 GTCC[U][C][C][A][G][G][G][U][C][U][C][A]GAGC TATGCTGTCC TG - 3′ STAT5a crD(R)NA5′ - GTCCCCCAGC SEQ ID NO: 24 target 2 CGGT[C][A][G][C][C][A][G][U][C][U][C][A]GAGC TATGCTGTCC TG - 3′ JAK1 crD(R)NA 5′ - GGCAGCCAGCSEQ ID NO: 25 target 1 ATGA[U][G][A][G][A][C][G][U][C][U][C][A]GAGC TATGCTGTCC TG - 3′ JAK1 crD(R)NA 5′ - GAGGAGCTCCSEQ ID NO: 26 target 2 AAGA[A][G][A][C][U][G][G][U][C][U][C][A]GAGC TATGCTGTCC TG - 3′

tracrRNA was constructed as described in Example 1.

Double stranded DNA targets were generated as described in Example 2using the oligonucleotides shown in Table 3 corresponding to theappropriate target sequence.

crDNA/tracrRNA, crRNA/tracrRNA, and crD(R)NA/tracrRNA were hybridizedand biochemical cleavage is carried out as described in Example 3.

FIG. 4A and FIG. 4B show the results for the biochemical cleavage ofvarious spacers. FIG. 4A shows biochemical cleavage percentages.Activity for EMX target 1 is shown in group 1: where ‘A’ is a Cas9 onlycontrol, ‘B’ is the crDNA/tracrRNA/Cas9, ‘C’ is the crRNA/tracrRNA/Cas9,and ‘D’ is the crD(R)NA/tracrRNA/Cas9. Activity for VEGFA target 1 isshown in group 2: where ‘A’ is a Cas9 only control, ‘B’ is thecrDNA/tracrRNA/Cas9, ‘C’ is the crRNA/tracrRNA/Cas9, and ‘D’ is thecrD(R)NA/tracrRNA/Cas9. Activity for CD34 target 1 is shown in group 3:where ‘A’ is a Cas9 only control, ‘B’ is the crDNA/tracrRNA/Cas9, ‘C’ isthe crRNA/tracrRNA/Cas9, and ‘D’ is the crD(R)NA/tracrRNA/Cas9. Activityfor CD34 target 2 is shown in group 4: where ‘A’ is a Cas9 only control,‘B’ is the crDNA/tracrRNA/Cas9, ‘C’ is the crRNA/tracrRNA/Cas9, and ‘D’is the crD(R)NA/tracrRNA/Cas9. Activity for STAT5a target 1 is shown ingroup 5: where ‘A’ is a Cas9 only control, ‘B’ is thecrDNA/tracrRNA/Cas9, ‘C’ is the crRNA/tracrRNA/Cas9, and ‘D’ is thecrD(R)NA/tracrRNA/Cas9. Activity for STAT5a target 2 is shown in group6: where ‘A’ is a Cas9 only control, ‘B’ is the crDNA/tracrRNA/Cas9, ‘C’is the crRNA/tracrRNA/Cas9, and ‘D’ is the crD(R)NA/tracrRNA/Cas9.Activity for JAK1 target 1 is shown in group 7; where ‘A’ is a Cas9 onlycontrol, ‘B’ is the crDNA/tracrRNA/Cas9, ‘C’ is the crRNA/tracrRNA/Cas9,and ‘D’ is the crD(R)NA/tracrRNA/Cas9. Activity for JAK1 target 2 isshown in group 8; where ‘A’ is a Cas9 only control, ‘B’ is thecrDNA/tracrRNA/Cas9, ‘C’ is the crRNA/tracrRNA/Cas9, and ‘D’ is thecrD(R)NA/tracrRNA/Cas9. For all Cas9 only samples (FIG. 4A, ‘A’) andcrDNA/tracrRNA/cas9 samples (FIG. 4B, ‘B’), no cleavage activity wasdetected (FIG. 4A, ‘n/d’).

In FIG. 4B, the percent cleavage is shown on the y-axis of the graph andthe target is shown on the x-axis. Activity for EMX target 1 is shown inthe bars of group 1. Activity for VEGFA target 1 is shown in the bars ofgroup 2. Activity for CD34 target 1 is shown in the bars of group 3.Activity for CD34 target 2 is shown in the bars of group 4. Activity forSTAT5a target 1 is shown in the bars of group 5. Activity for STAT5atarget 2 is shown in the bars of group 6. Activity for JAK1 target 1 isshown in the bars of group 7. Activity for JAK1 target 2 is shown in thebars of group 8. ‘C’ and ‘D’ refer to the same reactions as in FIG. 4A.

FIG. 4 demonstrates that the Cas9 mediated biochemical cleavage of adouble stranded DNA target using the crD(R)NA of the present disclosureis transferable across different target sequences.

Example 5 T7E1 Assay for Detection of Target Modifications in EukaryoticCells

This example illustrates the use of T7E1 assays to evaluate the percentcleavage in vivo of crD(R)NA relative to selected double-stranded DNAtarget sequences.

A. Cell Transfections Using Cas Polynucleotide Components

sgRNA and crD(R)NA/tracrRNAs comprising an AAVS-1 targeting sequencewere transfected into HEK293 cells constitutively expressing SpyCas9-GFPfusion (HEK293-Cas9-GFP), using the Nucleofector® 96-well Shuttle System(Lonza, Allendale, N.J.) and the following protocol. Equal molar amountsof guide RNA components were prepared in an annealing buffer (1.25 mMHEPES, 0.625 mM MgCl₂, 9.375 mM KCl at pH 7.5), were incubated for 2minutes at 95° C., were removed from thermocycler, allowed toequilibrate to room temperature, and dispensed in a 10 μL final volumein triplicate in a 96-well plate. Culture medium was aspirated fromHEK293-Cas9-GFP cells, and the cells were washed once with calcium andmagnesium-free PBS then were trypsinized by the addition of TrypLE (LifeTechnologies, Grand Island, N.Y.) followed by incubation at 37° C. for3-5 minutes. Trypsinized cells were gently pipetted up and down to forma single cell suspension and added to DMEM complete culture mediumcomposed of DMEM culture medium (Life Technologies, Grand Island, N.Y.)containing 10% FBS (Fisher Scientific, Pittsburgh, Pa.) and supplementedwith penicillin and streptomycin (Life Technologies, Grand Island,N.Y.).

The cells were then pelleted by centrifugation for 3 minutes at 200×g,the culture medium aspirated and cells were resuspended in PBS. Thecells were counted using the Countess® II Automated Cell Counter (LifeTechnologies, Grand Island, N.Y.). 2.2×10⁷ cells were transferred to a50 ml tube and pelleted. The PBS was aspirated and the cells wereresuspended in Nucleofector™ SF (Lonza, Allendale, N.J.) solution to adensity of 1×10⁷ cells/mL. 20 μL of the cell suspension were then addedto individual wells containing 10 uL of Cas polynucleotide componentsand the entire volume was transferred to the wells of a 96-wellNucleocuvette™ Plate (Lonza, Allendale, N.J.). The plate was loaded ontothe Nucleofector™ 96-well Shuttle™ (Lonza, Allendale, N.J.) and cellswere nucleofected using the 96-CM-130 Nucleofector™ program (Lonza,Allendale, N.J.). Post-nucleofection, 70 μL DMEM complete culture mediumwas added to each well and 50 μL of the cell suspension were transferredto a collagen coated 96-well cell culture plate containing 150 μLpre-warmed DMEM complete culture medium. The plate was then transferredto a tissue culture incubator and maintained at 37° C. in 5% CO₂ for 48hours.

B. Target Double-Stranded DNA Generation for T7E1 Assay

gDNA was isolated from HEK-293-SpyCas9 cells 48 hours after Caspolynucleotide component transfection using 50 μL QuickExtract DNAExtraction solution (Epicentre, Madison, Wis.) per well followed byincubation at 37° C. for 10 minutes, 65° C. for 6 minutes and 95° C. for3 minutes to stop the reaction. gDNA was then diluted with 150 μL waterand samples were stored at −80° C.

DNA for T7E1 was generated by PCR amplification of a targetdouble-stranded DNA sequence (e.g., AAVS-1) from isolated gDNA. PCRreactions were set up using 8 μL gDNA as template with KAPA HiFi HotStart polymerase and containing 0.5 U of polymerase, lx reaction buffer,0.4 mM dNTPs and 300 nM forward and reverse primers directed to thetarget double-stranded DNA (e.g., AAVS-1, SEQ ID NOs: 75, 76 (Table 3))in a total volume of 25 uL. Target DNA was amplified using the followingconditions: 95° C. for 5 minutes, 4 cycles of 20 s at 98° C., 20 s at70° C., minus 2° C./cycle, 30 s at 72° C., followed by 30 cycles of 15 sat 98° C., 20 s at 62° C., 20 s at 72° C., and a final extension at 72°C. for 1 minute.

C. T7E1 Assay

PCR amplified target double-stranded DNA for T7E1 assays was denaturedat 95° C. for 10 minutes and then allowed to re-anneal by cooling to 25°C. at −0.5° C./s in a thermal cycler. The re-annealed DNA was incubatedwith 0.5 mL T7 Endonuclease I in 1× NEBuffer 2 buffer (New EnglandBiolabs, Ipswich, Mass.) in a total volume of 15 mL for 25 minutes at37° C. T7E1 reactions were analyzed using the Fragment Analyzer™ system(Advanced Analytical Technologies, Inc., Ames, Iowa) and the DNF-910double-stranded DNA Reagent Kit (Advanced Analytical Technologies, Inc.,Ames, Iowa). The Fragment Analyzer™ system provides the concentration ofeach cleavage fragment and of the target double-stranded DNA thatremains after cleavage.

Cleavage percentages of the target double-stranded DNA were calculatedfrom the concentration of each cleavage fragment and the targetdouble-stranded DNA, which remains after cleavage has taken place, usingthe following formula:

$\begin{matrix}{\%\mspace{14mu}{cleavage}{= \left( {1 - \sqrt{\left( {1 - \frac{\left( {{{frag}\; 1} + {{frag}\; 2}} \right)}{\left( {{{frag}\; 1} + {{frag}\; 2} + {parent}} \right)}} \right)}} \right)}} & {{EQUATION}\mspace{14mu} 1}\end{matrix}$

In Equation 1, “frag1” and “frag2” concentrations correspond to theconcentration of Cas cleavage fragments of the double-stranded DNAtarget and “parent” corresponds to the target double-stranded DNA thatremains after cleavage has taken place.

FIG. 5 shows the results of a T7E1 assay of gDNA prepped from cellstransfected with crD(R)NAs at various concentrations. The averagepercent indels frequency detected was shown above each bar graph(calculated using Equation 1). The percent are the average of threesamples, except for FIG. 5, bar 4, in which activity was only detectedin two samples and FIG. 5, bar 5, in which activity was only detected inone sample. The concentration of either crD(R)NA/tracrRNA or sgRNAnucleofected into cells are shown in Table 6.

TABLE 6 Transfected Guide RNA Component Concentrations # SEQ ID NO. pmol1 SEQ ID NO: 43 500 2 SEQ ID NO: 43 750 3 SEQ ID NO: 43 1000 4 SEQ IDNO: 43 2000 5 SEQ ID NO: 43 3000 6 SEQ ID NO: 1 500

The T7E1 assay for detection of target modifications in eukaryotic cellsprovides data to demonstrate that the crD(R)NA/tracrRNA/Cas9 systems asdescribed herein facilitate Cas-mediated site-specific in vivo cleavageof target double-stranded DNA.

Following the guidance describe herein, the T7E1 assay described in thisexample can be practiced by one of ordinary skill in the art to measureactivity from cells modified with other CRISPR-Cas systems, including,but not limited to Cas9, Cas9-like, Cas1, Csn2, Cas4, Cpf1, C2c1, C2c2,C2c3, proteins encoded by Cas9 orthologs, Cas9-like synthetic proteins,Cas9 fusions, and variants and modifications thereof, combined withtheir cognate polynucleotide components modified as described herein tocomprise a crD(R)NA.

Example 6 On/Off-Target crD(R)NA Cleavage Activity

This example illustrates the use of crD(R)NAs to evaluate the cleavageactivity of a target at the intended target site (“on-target”) andpredicted nearest neighbor (“off-target”) sites. Target sequences ofon/off-target sites are shown in Table 7:

TABLE 7 On/Off-Target Site Sequences Target Site Target SequenceSEQ ID NO: EMX-1 ON 5′ - GAGTCCGAGC SEQ ID NO: 27 AGAAGAAGAA - 3′ EMX-1OFF1 5′ - GAGTTAGAGC SEQ ID NO: 28 AGAAGAAGAA - 3′ EMX-1 OFF25′ - AGGTACTAGC SEQ ID NO: 29 AGAAGAAGAA - 3′ EMX-1 OFF3 5′ - ACGTCTGAGCSEQ ID NO: 30 AGAAGAAGAA - 3′ EMX-1 OFF4 5′ - AGGTGCTAGC SEQ ID NO: 31AGAAGAAGAA - 3′ VEGFA-1 ON 5′ - GGGTGGGGGG SEQ ID NO: 32 AGTTTGCTCC - 3′VEGFA-1 OFF1 5′ - GGATGGAGGG SEQ ID NO: 33 AGTTTGCTCC - 3′ VEGFA-1 OFF25′ - GGGGAGGGGA SEQ ID NO: 34 AGTTTGCTCC - 3′ VEGFA-1 OFF35′ - GGGAGGGTGG SEQ ID NO: 35 AGTTTGCTCC - 3′ VEGFA-1 OFF45′ - CGGGGGAGGG SEQ ID NO: 36 AGTTTGCTCC - 3′

crRNA and crD(R)NA sequences were provided to a commercial manufacturerfor synthesis. tracrRNA were constructed as described in Example 1.

Double stranded DNA targets were generated as described in Example 2using the oligonucleotides shown in Table 8 corresponding to theappropriate target sequence.

TABLE 8 On/Off-Target DNA Target Site Target Sequence EMX-1 on SEQ IDNOs. 107, 108 EMX-1 OFF1 SEQ ID NOs. 111, 112 EMX-1 OFF2 SEQ ID NOs.113, 114 EMX-1 OFF3 SEQ ID NOs. 115, 116 EMX-1 OFF4 SEQ ID NOs. 117, 118VEGFA-1 on SEQ ID NOs. 119, 120 VEGFA-1 OFF1 SEQ ID NOs. 121, 122VEGFA-1 OFF2 SEQ ID NOs. 123, 124 VEGFA-1 OFF3 SEQ ID NOs. 125, 126VEGFA-1 OFF4 SEQ ID NOs. 107, 108

crRNA/tracrRNA and crD(R)NA/tracrRNA were hybridized and biochemicalcleavage was carried out as described in Example 3.

FIG. 6 shows the comparison of biochemical activity of a crRNA/tracrRNAand crD(R)NA/tracrRNA at intended on-target sites and fourcomputationally predicted off-target sites. Percent cleavage is shown onthe y-axis and samples are shown on the x-axis. Table 9 lists thesamples:

TABLE 9 crRNA and tracrRNA On/Off-target Activity ID Target Site GuideRNA Component 1A EMX-1 ON crRNA 1B EMX-1 ON crD(R)NA 2A EMX-1 OFF-1crRNA 2B EMX-1 OFF-1 crD(R)NA 3A EMX-1 OFF-2 crRNA 3B EMX-1 OFF-2crD(R)NA 4A EMX-1 OFF-3 crRNA 4B EMX-1 OFF-3 crD(R)NA 5A EMX-1 OFF-4crRNA 5B EMX-1 OFF-4 crD(R)NA 6A VEGFA-1 ON crRNA 6B VEGFA-1 ON crD(R)NA7A VEGFA-1 OFF-1 crRNA 7B VEGFA-1 OFF-1 crD(R)NA 8A VEGFA-1 OFF-2 crRNA8B VEGFA-1 OFF-2 crD(R)NA 9A VEGFA-1 OFF-3 crRNA 9B VEGFA-1 OFF-3crD(R)NA 10A  VEGFA-1 OFF-4 crRNA 10B  VEGFA-1 OFF-4 crD(R)NA

The data presented in FIG. 7 show crD(R)NAs maintain high on-targetactivity when compared to crRNA. crD(R)NAs do not support off-targetactivity whereas the crRNAs have undesirable off-target activity.

Example 7 Deep Sequencing Analysis for Detection of Target Modificationsin Eukaryotic Cells

This example illustrates the use of deep sequencing analysis to evaluateand compare the percent cleavage in vivo of selected sgD(R)NA/Cas9protein complexes relative to selected double-stranded DNA targetsequences.

A. Synthesis of sgD(R)NA

Six sgD(R)NA sequences targeting the human AAVS-1 locus and comprisingdifferent DNA/RNA compositions and phosphorothioate protected bonds wereprovided to a commercial manufacturer for synthesis. These sequences areshown in Table 10.

TABLE 10 sgD(R)NA Sequences Sequence (RNA basesare bracketed, phosphorothioate SEQ ID Name bonds are shown with an *)NO: sgD(R)NA -01 5′- GGGGCCACTA SEQ ID GGGA[C][A][G][G][A][U] NO: 127[G][U][U][U][U][A][G][A][G][C] [U][A][G][A][A][A][U][A][G][C][A][A][G][U][U][A][A][A][A][U] [A][A][G][G][C][U][A][G][U][C][C][G][U][U][A][U][C][A][A][C] [U][U][G][A][A][A][A][A][G][U][G][G][C][A][C][C][G][A][G][U] [C][G][G][U][G][C][U] - 3′ sgD(R)NA -025′- G*G*GGCCACTA SEQ ID GGGA[C][A][G][G][A][U] NO: 128[G][U][U][U][U][A][G][A][G][C] [U][A][G][A][A][A][U][A][G][C][A][A][G][U][U][A][A][A][A][U] [A][A][G][G][C][U][A][G][U][C][C][G][U][U][A][U][C][A][A][C] [U][U][G][A][A][A][A][A][G][U][G][G][C][A][C][C][G][A][G][U] [C][G][G][U][G][C][U] - 3′ sgD(R)NA -035′- GGGGCCACTA SEQ ID GGGA[C][A][G][G][A][U] NO: 129[G][U][U][U][U][A][G][A]GC TGCT[G][A][A][A]AGC AUAGC[A][A][G][U][U][A][A][A][A][U][A][A][G][G][C] [U][A][G][U][C][C][G][U][U][A][U][C][A][A][C][U][U][G][A][A] [A][A][A][G][U][G][G][C][A][C][C][G][A][G][U][C][G][G][U][G]  [C][U] - 3′ sgD(R)NA -045′- G*G*GGCCACTA SEQ ID GGGA[C][A][G][G][A][U] NO: 130[G][U][U][U][U][A][G][A]GC TATGCT[G][A][A][A]AGC ATAGC[A][A][G][U][U][A][A][A][A][U][A][A][G][G][C] [U][A][G][U][C][C][G][U][U][A][U][C][A][A][C][U][U][G][A][A] [A][A][A][G][U][G][G][C][A][C][C][G][A][G][U][C][G][G][U][G]  [C][U] - 3′ sgD(R)NA -05 5′- GGGGCCACTASEQ ID GGGA[C][A][G][G][A][U] NO: 131 [G][U][U][U][U][A][G][A]GCTATGCT[G][A][A][A]AGC ATAGC[A][A][G][U][U][A][A][A][A][U][A][A][G][G][C] [U][A][G][U][C][C][G][U][U][A][U][C][A][A][C][U][U][G][A][A] [A][A][A][G][U][G][G]CACCG[A][G][U]CGGTG [C][U] -3′ sgD(R)NA -06 5′- G*G*GGCCACTA SEQ IDGGGA[C][A][G][G][A][U] NO: 132 [G][U][U][U][U][A][G][A]GCTATGCT[G][A][A][A]AGC ATAGC[A][A][G][U][U][A][A][A][A][U][A][A][G][G][C] [U][A][G][U][C][C][G][U][U][A][U][C][A][A][C][U][U][G][A][A] [A][A][A][G][U][G][G]CACCG[A][G][U]CGGTG [C][U] -3′

B. Formation of RNP Complexes of sgD(R)NA/Cas9 Protein

Cas9 protein was expressed from a bacterial expression vector in E. coli(BL21 (DE3)) and purified using affinity ion exchange and size exclusionchromatography according to methods described in Jinek et al. (Science;337(6096):816-21(2012)). The coding sequence for Streptococcus pyogenesCas9 included two nuclear localization sequences (NLS) at theC-terminus. Ribonucleoprotein (RNP) complexes were assembled, intriplicate, at two concentrations, 20 pmol Cas9:60 pmols sgD(R)NA and200 pmols Cas9:600 pmols sgD(R)NA. The sgD(R)NA components were mixed inequimolar amounts in an annealing buffer (1.25 mM HEPES, 0.625 mM MgCl₂,9.375 mM KCl at pH7.5) to the desired concentration (60 pmols or 600pmols) in a final volume of 5 μL, incubated for 2 minutes at 95° C.,removed from the thermocycler and allowed to equilibrate to roomtemperature. Cas9 protein was diluted to an appropriate concentration inbinding buffer (20 mM HEPES, 100 mM KCl, 5 mM MgCl₂, 1 mM DTT, and 5%glycerol at pH 7.4) to a final volume of 5 μL and mixed with the 5 μL ofheat-denatured crD(R)NAs followed by incubation at 37° C. for 30minutes.

C. Cell Transfections Using sgD(R)NA/Cas9 Protein RNPs

RNP complexes were transfected into K562 cells (ATCC, Manassas, Va.),using the Nucleofector® 96-well Shuttle System (Lonza, Allendale, N.J.)and the following protocol. RNP complexes were dispensed in a 10 μLfinal volume into individual wells of a 96-well plate. K562 cellssuspended in media were transferred from a culture flask to a 50 mLconical tube. Cells were pelleted by centrifugation for 3 minutes at200×g, the culture medium aspirated, and the cells were washed once withcalcium and magnesium-free PBS. K562 cells were then pelleted bycentrifugation for 3 minutes at 200×g, the PBS aspirated and cell pelletwere resuspended in 10 mL of calcium and magnesium-free PBS.

The cells were counted using the Countess® II Automated Cell Counter(Life Technologies, Grand Island, N.Y.). 2.2×10⁷ cells were transferredto a 50 ml tube and pelleted. The PBS was aspirated and the cells wereresuspended in Nucleofector™ SF (Lonza, Allendale, N.J.) solution to adensity of 1×10⁷ cells/mL. 20 μL of the cell suspension were added toindividual wells containing 10 μL of RNP complexes and the entire volumewas transferred to the wells of a 96-well Nucleocuvette™ Plate (Lonza,Allendale, N.J.). The plate was loaded onto the Nucleofector™ 96-wellShuttle™ (Lonza, Allendale, N.J.) and cells were nucleofected using the96-FF-120 Nucleofector™ program (Lonza, Allendale, N.J.).Post-nucleofection, 70 μL Iscove's Modified Dulbecco's Media (IMDM; LifeTechnologies, Grand Island, N.Y.), supplemented with 10% FBS (FisherScientific, Pittsburgh, Pa.), penicillin and streptomycin (LifeTechnologies, Grand Island, N.Y.) was added to each well and 50 μL ofthe cell suspension were transferred to a 96-well cell culture platecontaining 150 μL pre-warmed IMDM complete culture medium. The plate wasthen transferred to a tissue culture incubator and maintained at 37° C.in 5% CO₂ for 48 hours.

D. Target Double-Stranded DNA Generation for Deep Sequencing

gDNA was isolated from K562 cells 48 hours after RNP transfection using50 μL QuickExtract DNA Extraction solution (Epicentre, Madison, Wis.)per well followed by incubation at 37° C. for 10 minutes, 65° C. for 6minutes and 95° C. for 3 minutes to stop the reaction. The isolatedgDNAs were diluted with 50 μL water and samples stored at −80° C.

Using the isolated gDNA, a first PCR was performed using Q5 Hot StartHigh-Fidelity 2× Master Mix (New England Biolabs, Ipswich, Mass.) at 1×concentration, primers at 0.5 μM each (SEQ ID NOs: 93, 94), 3.75 μL ofgDNA in a final volume of 10 uL and amplified 98° C. for 1 minute, 35cycles of 10 s at 98° C., 20 s at 60° C., 30 s at 72° C., and a finalextension at 72° C. for 2 min. PCR reaction were diluted 1:100 in water.

A “barcoding” PCR was set up using unique primers for each sample tofacilitate multiplex sequencing. The samples and corresponding primerpairs are shown in Table 11.

TABLE 11 Barcoding Primers ID Sample SEQ ID NO: BARCODING PRIMER set-1sgD(R)NA-01 60 pmol rep1 SEQ ID NO: 95, 101 BARCODING PRIMER set-2sgD(R)NA-02 60 pmol rep1 SEQ ID NO: 95, 102 BARCODING PRIMER set-3sgD(R)NA-03 60 pmol rep1 SEQ ID NO: 95, 103 BARCODING PRIMER set-4sgD(R)NA-04 60 pmol rep1 SEQ ID NO: 95, 104 BARCODING PRIMER set-5sgD(R)NA-05 60 pmol rep1 SEQ ID NO: 95, 105 BARCODING PRIMER set-6sgD(R)NA-06 60 pmol rep2 SEQ ID NO: 95, 106 BARCODING PRIMER set-7sgD(R)NA-01 60 pmol rep2 SEQ ID NO: 96, 101 BARCODING PRIMER set-8sgD(R)NA-02 60 pmol rep2 SEQ ID NO: 96, 102 BARCODING PRIMER set-9sgD(R)NA-03 60 pmol rep2 SEQ ID NO: 96, 103 BARCODING PRIMER set-10sgD(R)NA-04 60 pmol rep2 SEQ ID NO: 96, 104 BARCODING PRIMER set-11sgD(R)NA-05 60 pmol rep2 SEQ ID NO: 96, 105 BARCODING PRIMER set-12sgD(R)NA-06 60 pmol rep2 SEQ ID NO: 96, 106 BARCODING PRIMER set-13sgD(R)NA-01 60 pmol rep3 SEQ ID NO: 97, 101 BARCODING PRIMER set-14sgD(R)NA-02 60 pmol rep3 SEQ ID NO: 97, 102 BARCODING PRIMER set-15sgD(R)NA-03 60 pmol rep3 SEQ ID NO: 97, 103 BARCODING PRIMER set-16sgD(R)NA-04 60 pmol rep3 SEQ ID NO: 97, 104 BARCODING PRIMER set-17sgD(R)NA-05 60 pmol rep3 SEQ ID NO: 97, 105 BARCODING PRIMER set-18sgD(R)NA-06 60 pmol rep3 SEQ ID NO: 97, 106 BARCODING PRIMER set-19sgD(R)NA-01 600 pmol rep1 SEQ ID NO: 98, 101 BARCODING PRIMER set-20sgD(R)NA-02 600 pmol rep1 SEQ ID NO: 98, 102 BARCODING PRIMER set-21sgD(R)NA-03 600 pmol rep1 SEQ ID NO: 98, 103 BARCODING PRIMER set-22sgD(R)NA-04 600 pmol rep1 SEQ ID NO: 98, 104 BARCODING PRIMER set-23sgD(R)NA-05 600 pmol rep1 SEQ ID NO: 98, 105 BARCODING PRIMER set-24sgD(R)NA-06 600 pmol rep2 SEQ ID NO: 98, 106 BARCODING PRIMER set-25sgD(R)NA-01 600 pmol rep2 SEQ ID NO: 99, 101 BARCODING PRIMER set-26sgD(R)NA-02 600 pmol rep2 SEQ ID NO: 99, 102 BARCODING PRIMER set-27sgD(R)NA-03 600 pmol rep2 SEQ ID NO: 99, 103 BARCODING PRIMER set-28sgD(R)NA-04 600 pmol rep2 SEQ ID NO: 99, 104 BARCODING PRIMER set-29sgD(R)NA-05 600 pmol rep2 SEQ ID NO: 99, 105 BARCODING PRIMER set-30sgD(R)NA-06 600 pmol rep2 SEQ ID NO: 99, 106 BARCODING PRIMER set-31sgD(R)NA-01 600 pmol rep3 SEQ ID NO: 100, 101 BARCODING PRIMER set-32sgD(R)NA-02 600 pmol rep3 SEQ ID NO: 100, 102 BARCODING PRIMER set-33sgD(R)NA-03 600 pmol rep3 SEQ ID NO: 100, 103 BARCODING PRIMER set-34sgD(R)NA-04 600 pmol rep3 SEQ ID NO: 100, 104 BARCODING PRIMER set-35sgD(R)NA-05 600 pmol rep3 SEQ ID NO: 100, 105 BARCODING PRIMER set-36sgD(R)NA-06 600 pmol rep3 SEQ ID NO: 100, 106

The barcoding PCR was performed using Q5 Hot Start High-Fidelity 2×Master Mix (New England Biolabs, Ipswich, Mass.) at 1× concentration,primers at 0.5 μM each, 1 μL of 1:100 diluted first PCR, in a finalvolume of 10 μL and amplified 98° C. for 1 minutes, 12 cycles of 10 s at98° C., 20 s at 60° C., 30 s at 72° C., and a final extension at 72° C.for 2 min.

E. SPRIselect Clean-Up

PCR reactions were pooled into a single microfuge tube for SPRIselect(Beckman Coulter, Pasadena, Calif.) bead-based clean-up of amplicons forsequencing.

To the pooled amplicons, 0.9× volumes of SPRIselect beads were added,and mixed and incubated at room temperature (RT) for 10 minutes. Themicrofuge tube was placed on a magnetic tube stand (Beckman Coulter,Pasadena, Calif.) until solution had cleared. Supernatant was removedand discarded, and the residual beads were washed with 1 volume of 85%ethanol, and incubated at RT for 30 seconds. After incubation, ethanolwas aspirated and beads are air dried at RT for 10 min. The microfugetube was then removed from the magnetic stand and 0.25× volumes ofQiagen EB buffer (Qiagen, Venlo, Limburg) was added to the beads, mixedvigorously, and incubated for 2 minutes at room temperature. Themicrofuge tube was returned to the magnet, incubated until solution hadcleared, and supernatant containing the purified amplicons was dispensedinto a clean microfuge tube. The purified amplicon library wasquantified using the Nanodrop™ 2000 system (Thermo Scientific,Wilmington, Del.) and library-quality analyzed using the FragmentAnalyzer™ system (Advanced Analytical Technologies, Inc., Ames, Iowa)and the DNF-910 double-stranded DNA Reagent Kit (Advanced AnalyticalTechnologies, Inc. Ames, Iowa).

F. Deep Sequencing Set-Up

The amplicon library was normalized to a 4 nmolar concentration ascalculated from Nanodrop values and size of the amplicons. The librarywere analyzed on MiSeq Sequencer (Illumina, San Diego, Calif.) withMiSeq Reagent Kit v2 (Illumina, San Diego, Calif.) for 300 cycles withtwo 151-cycle paired-end run plus two eight-cycle index reads.

G. Deep Sequencing Data Analysis

The identity of products in the sequencing data were determined based onthe index barcode sequences adapted onto the amplicons in the barcodinground of PCR. A computational script was used to process the MiSeq databy executing the following tasks:

-   -   Reads were aligned to the human genome (build GRCh38/38) using        Bowtie (bowtie-bio.sourceforge.net/index.shtml) software.    -   Aligned reads were compared to the expected wild-type AAVS-1        locus sequence, reads not aligning to any part of the AAVS-1        locus were discarded.    -   Reads matching wild-type AAVS-1 sequence were tallied.    -   Reads with indels (insertion or the deletion of bases) were        categorized by indel type and tallied.    -   Total indel reads were divided by the sum of wild-type reads and        indel reads give the percent indels detected.

FIG. 7 shows the results of an analysis of the AAVS-1 target locus fromhuman K562 cells nucleofected with sgD(R)NA/Cas9 targeting a region inthe AAVS-1 locus. The x-axis shows the SEQ ID NO. For the sgD(R)NA used,the y-axis shows the percent indel detected from MiSeq data. Series Ashows the average percent indels detected for three independentreplicates for a given sgD(R)NA at 20 pmols Cas9:120 pmols sgD(R)NA, andSeries B shows the average percent indels detected for three independentreplicates for a given sgD(R)NA at 100 pmols Cas9:600 pmols sgD(R)NA.Standard deviation of the average percent of the three replicates isrepresented by vertical black lines. The numbers below the barscorrespond to the SEQ ID NO. of the sgD(R)NA used in the transfection,sequences of the sgD(R)NA are provided in Table 10. This data shows theability of various types of sgD(R)NA to induce modifications at a targetregion in human cells in a sequence specific and dose dependent manner.

The methods described herein were practiced by one of ordinary skill inthe art to demonstrate in vivo activity of a sgD(R)NA/Cas9 throughanalysis of deep sequencing.

Example 8 Screening of Multiple crD(R)NAs Comprising DNA Target-BindingSequences

This example illustrates the use of crD(R)NAs of the present disclosureto modify targets present in human genomic DNA and measure the level ofcleavage activity at those sites. Target sites can first be selectedfrom genomic DNA and then crD(R)NAs can then be designed to target thoseselected sequences. Measurements can then be carried out to determinethe level of target cleavage that has taken place. Not all of thefollowing steps are required for every screening nor must the order ofthe steps be as presented, and the screening can be coupled to otherexperiments, or form part of a larger experiment.

A. Select a DNA Target Region from Genomic DNA

Identify all PAM sequences (e.g., ‘NGG’) within the selected genomicregion.

Identify and select one or more 20 nucleotide sequence long sequences(target DNA sequence) that are 5′ adjacent to PAM sequences.

Selection criteria can include but are not limited to: homology to otherregions in the genome; percent G-C content; melting temperature;presences of homopolymer within the spacer; and other criteria known toone skilled in the art.

Append an appropriate crD(R)NA sequence to the 3′ end of the identifiedtarget DNA sequence. A crD(R)NA construct is typically synthesized by acommercial manufacturer and the cognate tracrRNA is produced asdescribed in Example 1 by in vitro transcription.

A crD(R)NA as described herein can be used with cognate tracrRNA tocomplete a crD(R)NA/tracrRNA system for use with a cognate Cas protein.

B. Determination of Cleavage Percentages and Specificity

In vitro cleavage percentages and specificity associated with acrD(R)NA/tracrRNA system are compared, for example, using the Cascleavage assays of Example 3, as follows:

(a) If only a single target DNA sequence is identified or selected, thecleavage percentage and specificity for the DNA target region can bedetermined. If so desired, cleavage percentage and/or specificity can bealtered in further experiments using methods of the present disclosureincluding but not limited to modifying the crD(R)NA, introducingeffector proteins/effector protein-binding sequences or ligand/ligandbinding moieties.

(b) The percentage cleavage data and site-specificity data obtained fromthe cleavage assays can be compared between different DNAs comprisingthe target binding sequence to identify the target DNA sequences havingthe best cleavage percentage and highest specificity. Cleavagepercentage data and specificity data provide criteria on which to basechoices for a variety of applications. For example, in some situationsthe activity of the crD(R)NA may be the most important factor. In othersituations, the specificity of the cleavage site may be relatively moreimportant than the cleavage percentage. If so desired, cleavagepercentage and/or specificity are altered in further experiments usingmethods of the present disclosure including but not limited to modifyingthe crD(R)NA, introducing effector proteins/effector protein-bindingsequences or ligand/ligand binding moieties.

Optionally, or instead of, the in vitro analysis, in vivo cleavagepercentages and specificity associated with a crD(R)NA system arecompared, for example, using the T7E1 assay described in Example 5, asfollows:

(a) If only a target DNA sequence is identified the cleavage percentageand specificity for the DNA target region can be determined. If sodesired, cleavage percentage and/or specificity are altered in furtherexperiments using methods of the present disclosure including but notlimited to modifying the crD(R)NA, introducing effectorproteins/effector protein-binding sequences or ligand/ligand bindingmoieties.

(b) The percentage cleavage data and site-specificity data obtained fromthe cleavage assays can be compared between different target DNAs toidentify a crD(R)NA sequence that results in the highest percentagecleavage of target DNA and the highest specificity for the target DNA.Cleavage percentage data and specificity data provide criteria on whichto base choices for a variety of applications. For example, certainembodiments may rely on the activity of a crD(R)NA and may be the mostimportant factor. In certain embodiments, the specificity of thecleavage site may be relatively more important than the cleavagepercentage. In certain embodiments, cleavage percentage and/orspecificity can be altered using methods of the present disclosureincluding but not limited to modifying the RNA, introducing effectorproteins/effector protein-binding sequences or ligand/ligand bindingmoieties.

Following the guidance of the present specification and examples, thescreening described in this example can be practiced by one of ordinaryskill in the art with other Class II CRISPR Cas proteins, including, butnot limited to Cas9, Cas9-like, Cas, Cas3, Csn2, Cas4, proteins encodedby Cas9 orthologs, Cas9-like synthetic proteins, Cas9 fusions, Cpf1,Cpf1-like, C2c1, C2c2, C2c3, and variants and modifications thereof,combined with their cognate polynucleotide components modified asdescribed herein to comprise a crD(R)NA.

Example 9 crD(R)NA:tracrRNA and sgD(R)NA Mediated Nicking

This example illustrates the method through which a crD(R)NA:tracrRNAcomplex or sgD(R)NA of the present disclosure might be used to inducednicks in a double stranded DNA (dsDNA) plasmid target in conjunctionwith S. pyogenes Cas9 containing a D10A mutation (Cas9-D10A) renderingthe RuvC nuclease lobe inactive. Not all of the following steps arerequired, nor must the order of the steps be as presented.

The S. pyogenes Cas9 has two active nuclease domains, the RuvC and theHNH domains. A mutation of the aspartic acid at the 10th amino acidposition of the S. pyogenes Cas9, converting it to an alanine, reducesthe nuclease capability of the RuvC domain. The HNH domain remainsactive but the Cas9-D10A site-directed polypeptide can only cause nicksin the phosphodiester backbone of the DNA target strand complementary tothe spacer sequence.

Examples of suitable vectors, media, culture conditions, etc. aredescribed. Modifications of these components and conditions will beunderstood by one of ordinary skill in the art in view of the teachingsof the present specification.

Guide reagents were generated according to Example 1 of the presentspecification.

The dsDNA target was generated as described in Example 2 using SEQ IDNOs 133 and 134. The amplified fragment was then cloned into suitableLIC compatible vector. One such suitable vector is the commerciallyavailable pET His6 LIC cloning vector (Addgene, Cambridge, Mass.). Theplasmid was transformed into bacterial strain for plasmid expression,using commercially available XL1-Blu bacterial cells (Agilent, SantaClara, Calif.).

Bacterial cells containing the LIC vectors were grown in LB mediasupplemented with 100 ug/mL ampicillin (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, Mo.)for 18 hours at 37° C. Cells were centrifuged at 5,000 rpm for 15minutes, after which the plasmid was extracted using Qiagen Plasmid Kit(Qiagen, Venlo, Netherlands).

Biochemical cleavage of purified plasmid was performed as detailed inExample 3 of the present specification, with the modification that DNAtarget was replaced with the purified plasmid at a final concentrationof 1 nM in the reaction. crD(R)NA were hybridized with tracrRNA (SEQ IDNO: 2) in the manner described in Example 3.

Biochemical reactions were analyzed by running on a 1% agarose gelstained with SYBR gold (Life Technologies, Grand Island, N.Y.). Nickingefficiency was calculated based upon the disappearances of supercoiledplasmid form and the appearance of the nicked-open circular form of theplasmid (nicked plasmid), which was distinguishable by the shift in themigration rate of the plasmid on the gel.

Percentages of the nicked plasmid were calculated from the intensitiesof stained bands on the gel containing the nicked plasmid and thesupercoiled plasmid. Intensities were measured using area under thecurve values as calculated by FIJI (ImageJ; an open source Java imageprocessing program). Percentages of nicking were calculated by dividingthe staining intensity of the nicked plasmid by the sum of both thestaining intensities of the nicked plasmid species and the supercoiledplasmid species.

SEQ ID NOs for the crD(R)NA and sgD(R)NA used in this experiment areshown in Table 12.

TABLE 12 Nicking crD(R)NA and sgD(R)NA Sample ID Description SEQ ID NO:A crD(R)NA SEQ ID NO: 38 B crD(R)NA w/18 nt spacer SEQ ID NO: 135 CcrD(R)NA SEQ ID NO: 41 D crD(R)NA w/17 nt spacer SEQ ID NO: 136 EcrD(R)NA SEQ ID NO: 43 F crD(R)NA w/18 nt spacer SEQ ID NO: 137 HsgD(R)NA SEQ ID NO: 127 I sgRNA control SEQ ID NO: 1 H target plasmidonly —

FIG. 8 shows the results of the biochemical nicking activity of acrD(R)NA or sgD(R)NA with a Cas9-D10A protein against a plasmid target.Nicking percentages are shown on the y-axis. crD(R)NA and sgD(R)NAsamples are shown on the x-axis and correspond to the sample IDs shownin Table 12. The data show the ability of crD(R)NA and sgD(R)NA tosupport nicking activity of the Cas9-D10A protein against a targetplasmid. The data also show that truncation of the spacer sequence fromthe 5′ end of the spacer (SEQ ID NOs: 135, 136, and 137) is capable ofnicking activity.

Following the guidance of the present specification and the examplesherein, the design and validation of the nicking activity ofcrD(R)NA:tracrRNA and sgD(R)NA can be practiced by one of ordinary skillin the art.

Example 10 Identification and Screening of CRISPR RNA andTrans-Activating CRISPR RNA

This example illustrates the method through which CRISPR RNAs (crRNAs)and trans-activating CRISPR RNAs (tracrRNAs) of a CRISPR-Cas Type IIsystem may be identified. The method presented here is adapted fromChylinski, et. al., (RNA Biol; 10(5):726-37 (2013)). Not all of thefollowing steps are required for screening nor must the order of thesteps be as presented.

A. Identify a Bacterial Species Containing a CRISPR-Cas9 Type-II System

Using the Basic Local Alignment Search Tool (BLAST,blast.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Blast.cgi), a search of various species' genomesis conducted to identify Cas9 or Cas9-like proteins. Type II CRISPR-Cas9systems exhibit a high diversity in sequence across bacterial species,however Cas9 orthologs exhibit conserved domain architecture of centralHNH endonuclease domain and a split RuvC/RNase H domain. Primary BLASTresults are filtered for identified domains; incomplete or truncatedsequences are discarded and Cas9 orthologs identified.

When a Cas9 ortholog is identified in a species, sequences adjacent tothe Cas9 ortholog's coding sequence are probed for other Cas proteinsand an associated repeat-spacer array in order to identify all sequencesbelonging to the CRISPR-Cas locus. This may be done by alignment toother CRISPR-Cas Type-II loci already known in the public domain, withthe knowledge that closely related species exhibit similar CRISPR-Cas9locus architecture (i.e., Cas protein composition, size, orientation,location of array, location of tracrRNA, etc.).

B. Identification of Putative crRNA and tracrRNA

Within the locus, the crRNAs are readily identifiable by the nature oftheir repeat sequences interspaced by fragments of foreign DNA and makeup the repeat-spacer array. If the repeat sequence is from a knownspecies, it is identified in and retrieved from the CRISPRdb database(crispr.u-psud.fr/crispr/). If the repeat sequence is not known to beassociated with a species, repeat sequences are predicted usingCRISPRfinder software (crispr.u-psud.fr/Server/) using the sequenceidentified as a CRISPR-Cas Type-II locus for the species as describedabove.

Once the sequence of the repeat sequence is identified for the species,the tracrRNA is identified by its sequence complementarity to the repeatsequence in the repeat-spacer array (tracr anti-repeat sequence). Insilico predictive screening is used to extract the anti-repeat sequenceto identify the associated tracrRNA. Putative anti-repeats are screened,for example, as follows.

The identified repeat sequence for a given species is used to probe theCRISPR-Cas9 locus for the anti-repeat sequence (e.g., using the BLASTpalgorithm or the like). The search is typically restricted to intronicregions of the CRISPR-Cas9 locus.

An identified anti-repeat region is validated for complementarity to theidentified repeat sequence.

A putative anti-repeat region is probed both 5′ and 3′ of the putativeanti-repeat for a Rho-independent transcriptional terminator (TransTermHP, transterm.cbcb.umd.edu/).

Thus, the identified sequence comprising the anti-repeat element and theRho-independent transcriptional terminator is determined to be theputative tracrRNA of the given species.

C. Preparation of RNA-Seq Library

The putative crRNA and tracrRNA that were identified in silico arefurther validated using RNA sequencing (RNAseq).

Cells from species from which the putative crRNA and tracrRNA wereidentified are procured from a commercial repository (e.g., ATCC,Manassas, Va.; DSMZ, Braunschweig, Germany).

Cells are grown to mid-log phase and total RNA prepped using Trizolreagent (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, Mo.) and treated with DNaseI(Fermentas, Vilnius, Lithuania).

10 ug of the total RNA is treated with Ribo-Zero rRNA Removal Kit(Illumina, San Diego, Calif.) and the remaining RNA purified using RNAClean and Concentrators (Zymo Research, Irvine, Calif.).

A library is then prepared using TruSeq Small RNA Library PreparationKit (Illumina, San Diego, Calif.) following the manufacturer'sinstructions, which results in the presence of adapter sequencesassociated with the cDNA.

The resulting cDNA library is sequenced using MiSeq Sequencer (Illumina,San Diego, Calif.).

D. Processing of Sequencing Data

Sequencing reads of the cDNA library can be processed using thefollowing method.

Adapter sequences are removed using cutadapt 1.1(pypi.python.org/pypi/cutadapt/1.1) and 15 nt are trimmed from the 3′endof the read to improve read quality.

Reads are aligned back to each respective species' genome (from whichthe putative tracrRNA was identified) with a mismatch allowance of 2nucleotides.

Read coverage is calculated using BedTools(bedtools.readthedocs.org/en/latest/).

Integrative Genomics Viewer (IGV, WorldWideWeb.broadinstitute.org/igv/)is used to map the starting (5′) and ending (3′) position of reads.Total reads retrieved for the putative tracrRNA are calculated from theSAM file of alignments.

The RNA-seq data is used to validate that a putative crRNA and tracrRNAelement is actively transcribed in vivo. Confirmed hits from thecomposite of the in silico and RNA-seq screens are validated forfunctional ability of the identified crRNA and tracrRNA sequences tosupport Cas9 mediated cleavage of a double-stranded DNA target usingmethods outline herein (see Examples 1, 2, and 3).

Following the guidance of the present specification and the examplesherein, the identification of novel crRNA and tracrRNA sequences can bepracticed by one of ordinary skill in the art.

Example 11 Design of crD(R)NA and sgD(R)NA

This example illustrates the method through which crD(R)NA and sgD(R)NAare designed from crRNA and tracrRNA, respectively. Not all of thefollowing steps are required for screening nor must the order of thesteps be as presented.

Identification of the crRNA and tracrRNA guide sequences for a givenspecies are performed as described in Example 10.

Identified crRNA and tracrRNA sequences are reverse-transcribed insilico to DNA. Upper stem, lower stem and bulge elements are identifiedfrom the sequences of the crRNA and tracrRNA. RNA bases are introducedinto the DNA sequence of the crDNA and tracrDNA sequences creatingcrD(R)NA and sgD(R)NA, respectively. The placement, number anddistribution of RNA bases within the crDNA and tracrRNA can be chosenusing either computational or experimental screening methods. Acollection of crD(R)NAs are designed with ribonucleotides placed in anumber of different locations within the molecule. Preferably,deoxyriboucleotides within the lower stem are substituted forribonucleotides in some crD(R)NA sequences. Ribonucleotides aresubstituted at the 3′ end of the spacer sequence in some crD(R)NAsequences. Additional crD(R)NA and sgD(R)NA sequences are designed, forexample, as follows.

Repositories of 3-dimensional protein structures (e.g., RCSB PDB;resb.org) in the public domain are searched to identify Cas endonucleasestructures. The repository is searched for high resolution coordinatefiles of Cas endonucleases bound to their cognate crRNA and tracrRNA.Structural neighbors, defined by sequence or tertiary structuralsimilarities to the Cas endonuclease of interest are used if there is nosolved structure for the Cas endonuclease of interest. Depositedcoordinate files are downloaded. Using visualization software, such asPyMOL (PyMOL Molecular Graphics System, Version 1.7.4 Schrödinger, LLC),the coordinates are analyzed to identify ribose-specific interactionsbetween the Cas endonuclease protein and the nucleotides of the crRNAand tracrRNA. Positions where the protein makes direct or indirectcontact (i.e., through a water or metal intermediate) with thenucleotides of the crRNA and tracrRNA are used to identify favoredpositions within the guide sequences for replacing deoxyribonucleotideswith ribonucleotides or other nucleotide variants.

crRNA and tracrRNA sequences are conserved when compared with Cas9proteins from related species. Alignment of a guide sequence with theother known guide sequences from similar species provides additionalinformation on conserved bases that would confer a preference forribonucleotides. Multiple sequence alignments of crRNA or tracrRNA areperformed using the web-based software MUSCLE(ebi.ac.uk/Tools/mas/muscle/). Alignments are then assessed forconserved nucleotide sequence positions along the backbone.

Nucleic acid secondary structure prediction software (e.g RNAfold;rna.tbi.univie.ac.at/cgi-bin/RNAfold.cgi) is used to analyze the foldingof the guide backbone. Regions where RNA specific torsion angles wouldbe favored are used to inform placement of ribonucleotide locations inboth the crDNA and/or tracrDNA.

Combinations of secondary structure, protein-nucleic acid interaction,and sequence conservation are used to inform the positioning ofribonucleotides within crD(R)NA, tracrD(R)NA and sgD(R)NA sequence.Multiple designs of crD(R)NA and tracrD(R)NA are tested with theunderstanding that different configurations may support differentdesired properties (i.e., activity, specificity, stability, etc.). ThecrD(R)NA and tracrD(R)NA can be joined into a single molecule by alinker to form a sgD(R)NA. The combining of the crD(R)NA and tracrD(R)NAmay be accompanied by a reduction in the total number of nucleotides atthe 3′ end of the crD(R)NA and 5′ end of the tracrD(R)NA that togetherwould form the upper stem. SEQ ID NOs 138-142, 147-150, 154-157, and161-164 show designs for crD(R)NAs and tracrD(R)NAs. SEQ ID NOs 143-146,151-153, 158-160, and 165-167 show designs for sgD(R)NAs. Table 13 givesthe identity of sequences.

TABLE 13 crD(R)NA, tracrD(R)NA, and sgD(R)NA Guide ID Genus/SpeciesDescription SEQ ID NO: 138 Staphylococcus aureus crD(R)NA SEQ ID NO: 139Staphylococcus aureus crD(R)NA SEQ ID NO: 140 Staphylococcus aureuscrD(R)NA SEQ ID NO: 141 Staphylococcus aureus crD(R)NA SEQ ID NO: 142Staphylococcus aureus tracrRNA SEQ ID NO: 143 Staphylococcus aureussgD(R)NA SEQ ID NO: 144 Staphylococcus aureus sgD(R)NA SEQ ID NO: 145Staphylococcus aureus sgD(R)NA SEQ ID NO: 146 Staphylococcus aureussgD(R)NA SEQ ID NO: 147 Streptococcus thermophilus crD(R)NA CRISPR-I SEQID NO: 148 Streptococcus thermophilus crD(R)NA CRISPR-I SEQ ID NO: 149Streptococcus thermophilus crD(R)NA CRISPR-I SEQ ID NO: 150Streptococcus thermophilus tracrRNA CRISPR-I SEQ ID NO: 151Streptococcus thermophilus sgD(R)NA CRISPR-I SEQ ID NO: 152Streptococcus thermophilus sgD(R)NA CRISPR-I SEQ ID NO: 153Streptococcus thermophilus sgD(R)NA CRISPR-I SEQ ID NO: 154 Neisseriameningitidis crD(R)NA SEQ ID NO: 155 Neisseria meningitidis crD(R)NA SEQID NO: 156 Neisseria meningitidis crD(R)NA SEQ ID NO: 157 Neisseriameningitidis tracrRNA SEQ ID NO: 158 Neisseria meningitidis sgD(R)NA SEQID NO: 159 Neisseria meningitidis sgD(R)NA SEQ ID NO: 160 Neisseriameningitidis sgD(R)NA SEQ ID NO: 161 Streptococcus pasteurianus crD(R)NASEQ ID NO: 162 Streptococcus pasteurianus crD(R)NA SEQ ID NO: 163Streptococcus pasteurianus crD(R)NA SEQ ID NO: 164 Streptococcuspasteurianus tracrRNA SEQ ID NO: 165 Streptococcus pasteurianus sgD(R)NASEQ ID NO: 166 Streptococcus pasteurianus sgD(R)NA SEQ ID NO: 167Streptococcus pasteurianus sgD(R)NA

Sequences are provided to a commercial manufacturer (e.g., IntegratedDNA Technologies, Coralville, Iowa) for synthesis.

crD(R)NA, tracrD(R)NA, and sgD(R)NA are tested experimentally todetermine the activity of different sequences to support Cas9 mediatedcleavage of a double-stranded DNA target using methods set forth herein(see Examples 1, 2, and 3).

Following the guidance of the present specification and the examplesherein, the design and validation of novel crD(R)NA, tracrD(R)NA, andsgD(R)NA sequences can be practiced by one of ordinary skill in the art.

Example 12 Design of Type V Cpf1 crD(R)NA and sgD(R)NA Elements and Usewith Cpf1 to Modify DNA

Tables 14 and 15 below provide exemplary dual guide crD(R)NAs andsgD(R)NAs for use with Type V CRISPR systems. The reference to exemplaryfigures and SEQ ID NOs is not intended to be limiting in anyway and itis understood by one of skill in the art that, based on the disclosurein Tables 14, 15, and the associated SEQ ID Nos and exemplary figures,dual guide crD(R)NAs and sgD(R)NAs for use with Type V CRISPR systemscan be designed to target any desired sequence within a target nucleicacid.

TABLE 14 Description of Type V crD(R)NA 5′ and 3′ Elements andCombinations Used to Form Dual Guide crD(R)NAs and to Direct Cpf1Activity to DNA Sequence of Interest Exemplary Description of SequenceFigure SEQ ID NO: Type V Cpf1 crRNA 5′ element 12B, 13D, 13E, SEQ ID NO:168 13H Type V Cpf1 crD(R)NA 5′ element 12C, 13B, 13C, SEQ ID NO: 16913F, 13G Phosphorothioate-protected Type V Cpf1 crRNA 5′ element 12B,13D, 13E, SEQ ID NO: 170 13H Phosphorothioate-protected Type V Cpf1crD(R)NA 5′ 12C, 13B, 13C, SEQ ID NO: 171 element 13F, 13G Type V Cpf1crRNA 3′ element with 25 nucleotide RNA 12D SEQ ID NO: 172 targetingregion Type V Cpf1 crRNA 3′ element with 20 nucleotide RNA 12D SEQ IDNO: 173 targeting region Phosphorothioate-protected Type V Cpf1 crRNA 3′element 12D SEQ ID NO: 174 with 25 nucleotide RNA targeting regionPhosphorothioate-protected Type V Cpf1 crRNA 3′ element 12D SEQ ID NO:175 with 20 nucleotide RNA targeting region Type V Cpf1 crD(R)NA 3′element with 25 nucleotide DNA 12F, 13E, 13F SEQ ID NO: 176 targetingregion Type V Cpf1 crD(R)NA 3′ element with 25 nucleotide 12H, 12I SEQID NO: 177 DNA/RNA targeting region Type V Cpf1 crD(R)NA 3′ element with25 nucleotide 12H, 12I SEQ ID NO: 178 DNA/RNA targeting region Type VCpf1 crD(R)NA 3′ element with 25 nucleotide 12H, 12I SEQ ID NO: 179DNA/RNA targeting region Type V Cpf1 crD(R)NA 3′ element with 25nucleotide RNA 12E, 13C, 13D SEQ ID NO: 180 targeting regionPhosphorothioate-protected Type V Cpf1 crD(R)NA 3′ 12E, 13C, 13D SEQ IDNO: 181 element with 25 nucleotide RNA targeting region Type V Cpf1crD(R)NA 3′ element with 20 nucleotide RNA 12E, 13C, 13D SEQ ID NO: 182targeting region Phosphorothioate-protected Type V Cpf1 crD(R)NA 3′ 12E,13C, 13D SEQ ID NO: 183 element with 20 nucleotide RNA targeting regionType V Cpf1 crD(R)NA 3′ element with 25 nucleotide DNA 12G, 13G, 13H SEQID NO: 184 targeting region Type V Cpf1 crD(R)NA 3′ element with 25nucleotide 12H, 12I SEQ ID NO: 185 DNA/RNA targeting region Type V Cpf1crD(R)NA 3′ element with 25 nucleotide 12H, 12I SEQ ID NO: 186 DNA/RNAtargeting region Type V Cpf1 crD(R)NA 3′ element with 25 nucleotide 12H,12I SEQ ID NO: 187 DNA/RNA targeting region Dual guide Type V Cpf1 crRNAcontaining 3′ and 5′ 13A SEQ ID NO: 168; elements SEQ ID NO: 172 Dualguide Type V Cpf1 crRNA containing 13A SEQ ID NO: 170; phosphorothioateprotected 3′ and 5′ elements SEQ ID NO: 173 Dual guide Type V Cpf1cr(D)RNA containing 3′ and 5′ 13B SEQ ID NO: 169; elements SEQ ID NO:172 Dual guide Type V Cpf1 cr(D)RNA containing 3′ and 5′ 13C SEQ ID NO:169; elements SEQ ID NO: 180 Dual guide Type V Cpf1 cr(D)RNA containing3′ and 5′ 13D SEQ ID NO: 168; elements SEQ ID NO: 180 Dual guide Type VCpf1 cr(D)RNA containing 3′ and 5′ 13E SEQ ID NO: 168; elements SEQ IDNO: 176 Dual guide Type V Cpf1 cr(D)RNA containing 3′ and 5′ 13F SEQ IDNO: 169; elements SEQ ID NO: 176 Dual guide Type V Cpf1 cr(D)RNAcontaining 3′ and 5′ 13G SEQ ID NO: 169; elements SEQ ID NO: 184 Dualguide Type V Cpf1 cr(D)RNA containing 3' and 5' 13H SEQ ID NO: 168;elements SEQ ID NO: 184

TABLE 15 Description of Type V sgD(R)NA Designs Exemplary Description ofSequence Figure SEQ ID NO: Type V Cpf1 sgD(R)NA with 25 nucleotide RNAtargeting region 10A SEQ ID NO: 188 Type V Cpf1 sgD(R)NA with 25nucleotide RNA targeting region 10B SEQ ID NO: 189 Type V Cpf1 sgD(R)NAwith 25 nucleotide RNA targeting region 10C SEQ ID NO: 190 Type V Cpf1sgD(R)NA with 25 nucleotide DNA targeting region 11D SEQ ID NO: 191 TypeV Cpf1 sgD(R)NA with 25 nucleotide DNA targeting region 11B SEQ ID NO:192 Type V Cpf1 sgD(R)NA with 25 nucleotide DNA/RNA targeting 11E SEQ IDNO: 193 region Type V Cpf1 sgD(R)NA with 25 nucleotide DNA/RNA targeting11E SEQ ID NO: 194 region Type V Cpf1 sgD(R)NA with 25 nucleotideDNA/RNA targeting 11E SEQ ID NO: 195 region Type V Cpf1 sgD(R)NA with 25nucleotide DNA targeting region 11A SEQ ID NO: 196 Type V Cpf1 sgD(R)NAwith 25 nucleotide DNA/RNA targeting 11E SEQ ID NO: 197 region Type VCpf1 sgD(R)NA with 25 nucleotide DNA/RNA targeting 11E SEQ ID NO: 198region Type V Cpf1 sgD(R)NA with 25 nucleotide DNA/RNA targeting 11E SEQID NO: 199 region Type V Cpf1 sgD(R)NA with 25 nucleotide DNA targetingregion 11C SEQ ID NO: 200 Type V Cpf1 sgD(R)NA with 25 nucleotideDNA/RNA targeting 11E SEQ ID NO: 201 region Type V Cpf1 sgD(R)NA with 25nucleotide DNA/RNA targeting 11E SEQ ID NO: 202 region Type V Cpf1sgD(R)NA with 25 nucleotide DNA/RNA targeting 11E SEQ ID NO: 203 region

A. Design of Type V Cpf1 crD(R)NA and sgD(R)NA Elements

Cpf1 orthologs are identified using sequence analysis programs such asPSI-BLAST, PHI-BLAST and HMMer. Once a Cpf1 ortholog is identified,nearby sequences are searched to identify the associated CRISPR array.crRNA sequences are identified as repeat sequences located within theCRISPR array as described in Zetsche et al. (Cell; 163(3):759-71(2015)).Type V crRNA sequences contain a stem loop within the repeat sequence,located 5′ to the targeting region sequence. The stem loop comprises a5′ element and a 3′ element. The sequences of both the 5′ element, the3′ element, and the loop of the crRNA are identified. The sequence ofthese crRNA elements are reverse-transcribed in silico to DNA. 5′elements are designed containing mixtures of ribonucleotides anddeoxyribonucleotides. Examples of 5′ elements are shown in FIG. 12, FIG.13 and Table 14. 3′ elements are designed containing mixtures ofribonucleotides and deoxyribonucleotides. Examples of 3′ elements areshown in FIG. 12, FIG. 13 and Table 14. Targeting region sequences areselected to be adjacent to PAM sequences in the the DNA of interest andare appended to the 3′ end of 3′ crRNA elements. Targeting regionsequences are designed containing DNA, DNA and RNA, or RNA nucleotides.By combining crD(R)NA 3′ elements and crD(R)NA 5′ elements together(Table 14, FIG. 12, FIG. 13) to form dual guide TypeV crD(R)NAs, Cpf1 isdirected to cut target nucleic acid sequences in the target nucleic acidof interest. A collection of crD(R)NAs for testing are designed withribonucleotides placed in a number of different locations within thecrD(R)NA sequences. Preferably, deoxyriboucleotides within the 3′stemand 5′stem are substituted for ribonucleotides in some crD(R)NAsequences. Ribonucleotides are substituted at the 5′ end of thetargeting region sequence in some crD(R)NA sequences.

Using combinations of targeting region, 3′ elements, and 5′ elementsconnected by a loop sequence, different versions of sgD(R)NA aredesigned. The placement, number, and distribution of RNA bases withinthe sgD(R)NA can be chosen using either computational or experimentalscreening methods. A collection of sgD(R)NAs are designed withribonucleotides placed in a number of different locations within thesgD(R)NAs. Preferably, deoxyriboucleotides within the 3′stem and 5′stemare substituted for ribonucleotides in some sgD(R)NA sequences.Ribonucleotides are substituted at the 5′ end of the targeting regionsequence in some sgD(R)NA sequences. Examples of designed sgD(R)NAs arelisted in Table 15, and shown in FIGS. 10A-C and FIGS. 11A-E.

In the following, sgD(R)NA sequences are used, but it is understood thatpairs of 3′ and 5′ crD(R)NA elements (examples of which are shown inTable 14) can be used in place of the sgD(R)NA.

B. Digestion of Nucleic Acid Sequences with Cpf1 and sgD(R)NA

Cpf1 sgD(R)NA can be used together with Cpf1 to target and cut nucleicacid sequences. Target nucleic acid is either RNA, genomic DNA, plasmidDNA, or amplified DNA. Amplified target DNA can be prepared as describedin Example 2. sgD(R)NA sequences are synthesized containing spacersequences targeting sequences of interest in the target DNA. Cleavageassays are carried out as described in Zetsche et al. (2015) andanalyzed using methods described in Example 3. In summary, targetnucleic acid is incubated with Cpf1 and the sgD(R)NA sequence orsequences in an appropriate buffer chosen to support Cpf1 activity.Nucleic acid is analyzed to determine whether digestion has taken placeas described in Example 3. Two or more Cpf1/sgD(R)NA complexes can beused to cut sections of DNA from a target DNA. The section of DNA hasoverhanging ends and can be ligated to complementary sequence adaptorsor vectors after it has been separated from the parent DNA.

C. Genome Editing with Cpf1 sgD(R)NA Ribonucleoprotein Complexes

An E. coli expression vector is constructed by synthesizing acodon-optimized open-reading frame encoding Cpf1 and cloning theopen-reading frame into an expression plasmid (e.g., pET27b). The codingsequence can include an affinity tag for purification of the protein,and a NLS sequence at the C-terminus to drive nuclear localization ineukaryotic cells. Cpf1 protein can be expressed in E. coli from theexpression vector and purified using a combination of affinity, ionexchange and size exclusion chromatography. The purified protein isconcentrated to 10 mg/ml and combined with the sgD(R)NA to make aribonucleoprotein complex. 200 pmol of Cpf1 is combined in separatereaction tubes with 50 pmol, 100 pmol, 200 pmol, 400 pmol, 600 pmol, 800pmol, 1000 pmol of sgD(R)NA and a reaction buffer. Cpf1-sgD(R)NAcomplexes are electroporated in replicate into HEK293 cells according tothe methods described in Example 7. Cells are grown at 37° C. andgenomic DNA is harvested from each reaction after 4, 8, 16, 24, 48, and72 hours. Genomic DNA is analyzed using PCR and Illumina sequencing todetermine that the genome has been edited according to the methodsdescribed in Example 7.

D. Genome Editing Using Cpf1 Expression Vectors and sgD(R)NA inEukaryotic Cells

A mammalian expression vector can be constructed by synthesizing acodon-optimized open-reading frame encoding Cpf1 and cloning theopen-reading frame into a suitable mammalian expression plasmid (e.g.,pcDNA3.1). The coding sequence can include a HA affinity tag forpurification or detection of the protein, and a NLS sequence at theC-terminus to drive nuclear localization in eukaryotic cells. The codingsequence can be operably linked to the CMV promoter in the plasmid.Cpf1-expressing plasmids are combined in separate reaction tubes with 50pmol, 100 pmol, 200 pmol, 400 pmol, 600 pmol, 800 pmol, 1000 pmol ofsgD(R)NA and a reaction buffer. Reaction mixtures are electroporated inreplicate into HEK293 cells according to methods described in Example 7.Cells are grown at 37° C. and genomic DNA is harvested from eachreaction after 4, 8, 16, 24, 48, and 72 hours. Genomic DNA is analyzedusing PCR and Illumina sequencing to determine that the genome has beenedited according to the methods described in Example 7.

Example 13 In Planta Modification of Maize Embryos

This example illustrates the method by which single guide D(R)NA can beused to modify maize embryos. The method presented here is adapted fromSvitashev, et. al. (Plant Physiol; 169(2):931-945 (2015)). Not all ofthe following steps are required for screening nor must the order of thesteps be as presented.

This example illustrates the use of single guide D(R)NAs to guide a Casendonucleases to cleave chromosomal DNA in maize embyos. Six singleguide D(R)NAs (sgD(R)NAs) were designed targeting a region near theliguleless 1 gene and the fertility gene Ms45 (Table 16), and weredelivered into a maize line containing a pre-integrated constitutivelyexpressing S. pyogenes Cas9 gene. The maize liguleless 1 and Ms45genomic loci were examined by deep sequencing for the presence ofmutations induced by sgD(R)NAs/Cas9 mediated cleavage.

TABLE 16 Maize Liguleless 1 and Ms45 Targeting sgD(R)NA Sequence (RNA bases are bracketed, phosphorothioate bonds are Locus Locationshown with an *) SEQ ID NO: liguleless Chr. 2:5′- T*A*CGCGTACG CGTA[C][G][U][G][U][G] 204 1 28.45 cM[G][U][U][U][U][A][G][A][G][C] [U][A][G][A][A][A][U][A][G][C][A][A][G][U][U][A][A][A][A][U] [A][A][G][G][C][U][A][G][U][C][C][G][U][U][A][U][C][A][A][C] [U][U][G][A][A][A][A][A][G][U][G][G][C][A][C][C][G][A][G][U] [C][G][G][U][G][C][U] - 3′ ligulelessChr. 2: 5′ - T*A*CGCGTACG CGTA[C][G][U][G][U][G] 205 1 28.45 cM[G][U][U][U][U][A][G][A]GC TATGCT[G][A][A][A]AGCATAGC[A][A] [G][U][U][A][A][A][A][U][A][A][G][G][C][U][A][G][U][C][C][G] [U][U][A][U][C][A][A][C][U][U][G][A][A][A][A][A][G][U][G][G][C][A][C][C][G][A][G][U][C][G] [G][U][G][C][U] - 3′ liguleless Chr. 2:5′ - T*A*CGCGTACG CGTA[C][G][U][G][U][G] 206 1 28.45 cM[G][U][U][U][U][A][G][A]GC TATGCT[G][A][A][A]AGCATAGC[A][A] [G][U][U][A][A][A][A][U][A][A][G][G][C][U][A][G][U][C][C][G] [U][U][A][U][C][A][A][C][U][U][G][A][A][A][A][A][G][U][G][G] CACCG[A][G][U]CG GTG[C][U] -3′ Ms45Chr. 9: 5′ - G*G*CCGAGGTC GACT[A][C][C][G][G][C] 224 119.15 cM[G][U][U][U][U][A][G][A][G][C] [U][A][G][A][A][A][U][A][G][C][A][A][G][U][U][A][A][A][A][U] [A][A][G][G][C][U][A][G][U][C][C][G][U][U][A][U][C][A][A][C] [U][U][G][A][A][A][A][A][G][U][G][G][C][A][C][C][G][A][G][U] [C][G][G][U][G][C][U] - 3′ Ms45 Chr. 9:5′- G*G*CCGAGGTC GACT[A][C][C][G][G][C] 225 119.15 cM[G][U][U][U][U][A][G][A]GC TATGCT[G][A][A][A]AGCATAGC[A][A] [G][U][U][A][A][A][A][U][A][A][G][G][C][U][A][G][U][C][C][G] [U][U][A][U][C][A][A][C][U][U][G][A][A][A][A][A][G][U][G][G][C][A][C][C][G][A][G][U][C][G] [G][U][G][C][U] - 3′ Ms45 Chr. 9:5′- G*G*CCGAGGTC GACT[A][C][C][G][G][C] 226 119.15 cM[G][U][U][U][U][A][G][A]GC TATGCT[G][A][A][A]AGCATAGC[A][A] [G][U][U][A][A][A][A][U][A][A][G][G][C][U][A][G][U][C][C][G] [U][U][A][U][C][A][A][C][U][U][G][A][A][A][A][A][G][U][G][G] CACCG[A][G][U]CG GTG[C][U] -3′

A pre-integrated constitutively expressing S. pyogenes Cas9 maize linewas generated as described in Svitashev et al. (2015).

sgD(R)NAs designs were provided to a commercial manufacturer forsynthesis (Eurofins Scientific, Huntsville, Ala.).

sgRNAs (SEQ ID NOS: 207 and 227) were constructed as described inExample 1.

Biolistic-mediated transformation of immature maize embryos (IMEs)derived from the constitutively expressing S. pyogenes Cas9 line withthe sgD(R)NAs was carried-out as described in Svitashev et. al. (2015).Briefly, 100 ng of each sgD(R)NA was delivered to 60-90 IMEs in thepresence of cell-division stimulating genes, ZmODP2 (US Publ. No.20050257289) and ZmfWUS2 (U.S. Pat. No. 7,256,322), as described inAnaniev et. al. (Chromosoma; 118(2):157-77 (2009)). Since particle guntransformation can be highly variable, a visual selectable marker DNAexpression cassette, MoPAT-DsRED, was also co-delivered with thecell-division promoting genes as described in Svitashev et. al. (2015).Embryos transformed with 100 ng of T7 transcribed single guide RNA(sgRNA) targeting the same region for cleavage (SEQ ID NOS: 207 and 227)served as a positive control and embryos transformed with only theZmODP2, ZmWUS2 and Mo-PAT-DsRED expression cassettes served as anegative control. After 3 days, the 20-30 most uniformly transformedembryos from each treatment were selected based on DsRED fluorescence,pooled and total genomic DNA was extracted. The region surrounding theintended target site was PCR amplified with Phusion® HighFidelity PCRMaster Mix (M0531L, New England Biolabs, Ipswich, Mass.) adding on thesequences necessary for amplicon-specific barcodes and Illumniasequencing using “tailed” primers through two rounds of PCR. The primersused in the primary PCR reaction are shown in Table 17 and the primersused in the secondary PCR reaction were SEQ ID NO: 214 and 215.

TABLE 17 PCR Primer Sequences ID Sample Primers BARCODING SEQ ID NO. 204SEQ ID NOs: 208, 209 PRIMER set-37 BARCODING SEQ ID NO. 205 SEQ ID NOs:208, 210 PRIMER set-38 BARCODING SEQ ID NO. 206 SEQ ID NOs: 208, 211PRIMER set-39 BARCODING SEQ ID NO. 207 SEQ ID NOs: 208, 212 PRIMERset-40 BARCODING No guide RNA SEQ ID NOs: 208, 213 PRIMER set-41(negative control) BARCODING SEQ ID NO. 224 SEQ ID NOs: 228, 229 PRIMERset-42 BARCODING SEQ ID NO. 225 SEQ ID NOs: 228, 230 PRIMER set-43BARCODING SEQ ID NO. 226 SEQ ID NOs: 228, 231 PRIMER set-44 BARCODINGSEQ ID NO. 227 SEQ ID NOs: 228, 232 PRIMER set-45 BARCODING No guide RNASEQ ID NOs: 228, 233 PRIMER set-46 (negative control)

The resulting PCR amplifications were purified with a Qiagen PCRpurification spin column, concentration measured with a Hoechstdye-based fluorometric assay, combined in an equimolar ratio, and singleread 100 nucleotide-length deep sequencing was performed on the IlluminaMiSeq Personal Sequencer with a 25% (v/v) spike of PhiX control v3(Illumina, FC-110-3001) to off-set sequence bias. Only those reads witha ≥1 nucleotide indel arising within the 10 nucleotide window centeredover the expected site of cleavage and not found in a similar level inthe negative control were classified as mutant. Mutant reads with thesame mutation were counted and collapsed into a single read and visuallyconfirmed as having a mutation arising within the expected site ofcleavage. The total numbers of visually confirmed mutations were thenused to calculate the percent mutant reads based on the total number ofreads of an appropriate length containing a perfect match to the barcodeand forward primer.

As shown in Table 18, mutations were recovered in all treatmentsindicating that sgD(R)NAs may be used to guide Cas endonucleases tocleave maize cellular chromosomal DNA. Furthermore, certain sgD(R)NAdesigns (SEQ ID NOS. 205 and 226) exhibited mutation frequencies nearthat of the T7 transcribed sgRNA (SEQ ID NOS. 207 and 227). Examples ofthe mutations recovered with the sgD(R)NAs are shown in FIG. 14A(corresponding to SEQ ID NOs: 217-223, wherein SEQ ID NO: 216 is thereference maize sequence comprising the liguleless 1 target locus) andFIG. 14B (corresponding to SEQ ID NOS: 235-254, wherein SEQ ID NO: 234is the reference maize sequence comprising the Ms45 target locus).

TABLE 18 Mutant Reads at maize liguleless 1 and Ms45 Target LociProduced by sgD(R)NA/Cas Endonuclease System Compared to the sgRNA/CasEndonuclease System Total Number Number of Treatment of Reads MutantReads Ligueless 1 No Guide RNA 2,849,145 0 (Negative Control) SEQ ID NO.207 3,155,695 552 SEQ ID NO. 204 2,816,705 5 SEQ ID NO. 205 3,053,967192 SEQ ID NO. 206 2,979,282 9 Ms45 No Guide RNA 1,248,142 16 (NegativeControl) SEQ ID NO. XX4 1,194,050 8,784 SEQ ID NO. XX1 1,192,758 190 SEQID NO. XX2 1,206,632 114 SEQ ID NO. XX3 1,192,110 878

Although the foregoing disclosure provides description and examples ofspecific embodiments of the present invention, it is not intended to belimiting in any way and it is within the knowledge of one of skill inthe art to modify the examples disclosed in order to adapt a particularmethod, composition or step to achieve the desired result within thescope of the present invention. All such modifications are intended tobe within the scope of the present invention.

1.-20. (canceled)
 21. A method of modulating transcription of at leastone gene within a target deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) molecule, themethod comprising: contacting a target DNA molecule comprising a targetsequence with a single polynucleotide comprising a targeting regioncomprising a mixture of DNA and ribonucleic acid (RNA) and an activatingregion comprising a mixture of DNA and RNA, wherein the activatingregion is adjacent to the targeting region, the targeting region isconfigured to hybridize with the target sequence, and the activatingregion comprises a stem loop structure; and a Cpf1 protein, wherein theCpf1 protein has no nuclease activity, and wherein the Cpf1 protein iscapable of binding with the activating region of the singlepolynucleotide.
 22. The method of claim 21, wherein the target sequenceis within an open reading frame sequence of the at least one gene. 23.The method of claim 21, wherein the target sequence is within thepromoter sequence of the at least one gene.
 24. The method of claim 21,wherein the contacting of the target DNA molecule with the singlepolynucleotide and the Cpf1 protein occurs in vitro.
 25. The method ofclaim 21, wherein the contacting of the target DNA molecule with thesingle polynucleotide and the Cpf1 protein occurs in cell or in anisolated cell.
 26. The method of claim 25, wherein the isolated cell isselected from the group consisting of a bacterial cell, an archaealcell, a plant cell, an algal cell, a fungal cell, an invertebrate cell,a vertebrate cell, a mammalian cell, and a human cell.
 27. The method ofclaim 21, further comprising a polynucleotide encoding the Cpf1 protein.28. The method of claim 21, wherein the single polynucleotide and theCpf1 protein form a complex.
 29. The method of claim 21, wherein theCpf1 protein comprises a nuclear localization signal (NLS).
 30. Themethod of claim 27, wherein the single polynucleotide and thepolynucleotide encoding the Cpf1 protein are introduced into the cell bylipofection, electroporation, nucleofection, microinjection, biolistics,liposomes, immunoliposomes, polycation, lipid:nucleic acid conjugates,or combinations thereof.
 31. The method of claim 28, wherein the singlepolynucleotide and the Cpf1 protein are introduced into the cell bylipofection, electroporation, nucleofection, microinjection, biolistics,liposomes, immunoliposomes, polycation, lipid:nucleic acid conjugates,or combinations thereof.
 32. The method of claim 21, wherein thetargeting region comprises a compound selected from the group consistingof phosphorothioates, chiral phosphorothioates, phosphorodithioates,phosphorotriesters, aminoalkylphosphosphorotriesters, alkylphosphonates,5′-alkylene phosphonates, chiral phosphonates, phosphinates,phosphoramidates, 3′-amino phosphoramidate, amino alkylphosphoramidates,phosphorodiamidates, thionophosphoramidates, thionoalkylphosphonates,thionoalkylphosphotriesters, selenophosphates, and boranophosphates.